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Two Views of Perception: •Bottom-up processing: -Low-level -Feature driven •Top-down processing -Knowledge driven -Unconscious inference (Helmholtz) What do you see in this picture? Vertical Line Stimulating Receptive Field of Single Cell Stimulation of a Single Cell by Downward Motion BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST Stimulus Luminance Profile Mach Bands - Edge Enhancement Illusion How the Eye Accentuates Edges Mach Bands Recording From a Single Cell of the Visual Cortex Frequency of Firing of Single Receptor in Response to Stimuli of Different Amplitude Inhibitory Effects of Stimulating Adjacent Receptor Simple Cell in Visual Cortex Complex Cell of Visual Cortex On-Off and Center Cells (Retina) How the Visual System Responds to Edges Lateral Inhibition Excitatory & Inhibitory Cells Which column is largest? Which Line is Longer? Which lines are parallel? Are lines a and b parallel? Which Line is Longer? Which central dot is larger? Necker Cube What is This a Picture of? Excitatory & Inhibitory Cells Bottom-up Perception Which woman is taller? Binocular Cues for Depth •Convergence •Binocular disparity Monocular Cues for Depth • • • • • • Interposition Linear perspective Height in vertical plane Texture Shadow Relative motion Visual Angle Interposition. Which is closer? A or B? A B Which column is largest? Linear Perspective Which red line is bigger? Which bigger? Whichred redline lineis is bigger? Linear Perspective Height in Visual Field Texture gradients Texture Gradient Which woman is taller? “AMES”Room Direction of Shadow Haze Haze Shading Relative Motion Moon Illusion Moon Illusion Moon Illusion Pop out effect