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Cell Organelles and Features Endosymbiosis • • • • A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other Hypothesized process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells Mitochondria are considered to have originated from proteobacteria. Chloroplasts are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Endosymbiosis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Endosymbiosis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus • directs the cell’s activities • stores DNA • makes RNA • Nuclear Envelope – a double membrane surrounding the nucleus • Nucleolus – where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus of a Cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Mitochondria • Harvest energy from organic compounds and transfer it to ATP • Surrounded by a double membrane • Have own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Mitochondria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Ribosomes • free or attached to the rough ER • link together amino acids to make proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Endoplasmic Reticulum • The rough ER prepares proteins for export or insertion into the cell membrane • The smooth ER builds lipids and participates in detoxification of toxins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Organelles and Features Golgi Apparatus • processes and packages proteins for export Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cytoskeleton • protein fibers • help cells move and maintain their shape • includes microtubules and microfilaments Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Animal Cells Animal Cells 1. lysosomes 2. centrioles Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Animal Cells Lysosomes • Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes • Defend cell against bacteria and viruses • (debate if they are found in plant cells) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Animal Cells Centrioles • two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other • Functions… • involved in cell division (not sure now) • organize microtubules to make cilia and flagella – hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell – assist in movement Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Animal Cells Structure of Cilia and Flagella Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Plant Cells Plant Cells 1. cell walls 2. central vacuoles 3. plastids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Plant Cells Cell Wall • Rigid covering of the cell membrane • provides support and protection Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Plant Cells Parts of a Cell Wall Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Plant Cells Central Vacuole • stores water, enzymes, and waste products • provides support for plant tissue Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Unique Features of Plant Cells Plastids • store starch and pigments • Chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chloroplasts Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.