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CELLS & the ORGANELLES Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Animal vs. Plant Cells “Life is Organized” Smallest / most simple Atoms C,H,N,O,P,S Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Ex: Tundra, desert, temperate forest Biosphere Largest / most complex Early Microscopes • Robert Hooke (1665) Coined the term “cell” (Why?) looking at cork, he saw little boxes Is cork alive? • Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1674) saw living cells in pond water Cells Cell Discoveries • Matthias Schleiden (1838) Plants are made of cells • Theodor Schwann (1839) Animals are made of cells • Rudolf Virchow (1855) Saw dividing cells new living cells come from pre-existingCellscells The Cell Theory 1. All living things made of cells. 2. Cell are the basic unit of structure & function for life. 3. Cells can only arise from pre-existing living cells Cells Types of Organisms • Unicellular organisms living organisms that are composed of only ONE cell – Examples: bacteria, algae, protists, yeast • Multicellular organisms any organism that is made of MORE THAN ONE cell – Evolved later Cells Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote • Prokaryotic Cells – DNA not bound by a membrane… no “true nucleus” – Usually smaller, simple • Nearly all unicellular – No membrane bound parts (organelles) • Ex: bacteria – Read Section 6.3 • Eukaryotic Cells – DNA is bound by a membrane bound nucleus – Larger, complex, has internal organization – Have internal membrane bound structures = organelles • Ex: you, plants, algae https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRO-DPyB9Bk Cells Basic Structures For ALL Cells • Cell membrane – Surround the cell – barrier between inside and environment • Cytoplasm – Contains water and organelles • DNA – Instructions for the cell to carry out • Ribosomes – Makes proteins Cells Organelles • Very small size • Have specific functions Create specificity of cells – • EX: muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells • Found throughout cytoplasm • Examples: – Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts (plants only), vacuoles, cytoskeleton, centrioles (Animal only) Cells Cells Cells The Nucleus: Control center of the cell, houses genetic material Cells Nucleolus • Is a small dense region in the nucleus • Makes ribosomes, which make proteins Cells RIBOSOMES • Free floating in cytoplasm or • Attached to ER • “reads” RNA code from DNA to assemble proteins • “protein factory” Cells ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • Internal passageway within the cell • Can be “Rough” or Smooth – Rough has ribosomes attached protein synthesis – Smooth has no ribosomes membrane lipid synthesis, detoxification, cholesterol metabolism Cells GOLGI APPARATUS • Modifies, sorts, packages proteins coming from ER • Destination of products – storage in cell – export out of cell • Customizes – Adds lipids, carbs to proteins Cells LYSOSOMES • Small, enzyme-filled organelles • Digests material for use or disposal – Only common in animals but recent evidence suggest they are in plants as well Cells MITOCHONDRIA • Convert food into usable energy • Have an outer & inner membrane • Has its own DNA! – Inherited from your mom Cells CHLOROPLASTS • Capture sunlight & convert it to energy – Photosynthesis – make their own food – Green plants and some algae • Have 2 membranes • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Has its own DNA! Cells VACUOLES • Stores materials • Water, salts, protein, carbs • Largest in plants – Gives turgor pressure • Larger in plants Cells CYTOSKELETON • Structural support & transport MICROFILAMENTS Actin – threadlike protein MICROTUBULES Tubulins – protein basis of cilia & flagellaCells CENTRIOLES • Help in the process of cell division • Only in Animals Cells PLANTS V. ANIMALS • CELL WALLS made • CENTRIOLES of cellulose • Smaller or No vacuoles • LARGER VACUOLE • CHLOROPLASTS Cells Colonies Colonies – a group of unicellular microorganisms living together If colony attaches to a solid surface = biofilm Volvox Chlamydomonas VS • Volvox is a colony of individual cells. • Each cell of a Volvox resembles a Chlamydomonas (a one-celled organism). •Volvox cells coordinate the beating of their flagella so that the movement is not random through water. - shows cooperation among cells Cells Colonies of Bacteria Cells Cell to Cell Connections • Cells in same tissue communicate with each other through junctions – Tight junction : membranes are fused, stitched together; no passage – Desmosomes: protein fibers that anchor in cytoplasm of neighboring cells • – allow passage of materials – Gap junction : Channels formed by donut-shaped proteins btwn cells ; yes passage – Pits & Plasmodesmata : (plants) cell walls perforated with pits, strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) run through pits connecting cells Cells Cells Cell to Cell Connections Cells Extracellular Matrix • Solution of macromolecules (proteins & carbs) that surround cells in a tissue – Secreted by the cell itself to the space outside • Holds cells together • Allows them to migrate & interact • May regulate behavior in cells – Ex: collagen Cells Division of Labor In Multicellular Organisms Cells Tissues – a group of cells working together Organs – a group of tissues working together Organ System – a group of organs working together Organism – a group of organ systems working together Differentiation – when cells take on a specific role Cells