Download Jan 17

Bio 398: Topics in Plant
Biology
William Terzaghi
Spring 2014
COURSE OVERVIEW
1) Understanding how plants work.
2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method
• Technology
COURSE OVERVIEW
1) Understanding how plants work.
2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method
• Technology
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature129
14.html
COURSE OVERVIEW
1) Understanding how plants work.
2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method
• Technology
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature129
14.html
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/older-trees-grow-faster-thanyounger-ones-study-finds-1.2499298
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.
1.Biofuels
2.Climate/CO2 change
3.Stress responses/stress avoidance
• Structural
• Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM)
• Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)
4.Plant products
• Defense compounds
5.Improving food production
• Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them
• GMO
• New crops
6.Biotechnology
7.Phytoremediation
8.Plant movements
9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
2.Pick some plants to study
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Design some experiments
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Design some experiments
4.See where they lead us
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Design some experiments
4.See where they lead us
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
Plan C
1.Pick a problem
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Design some experiments
4.See where they lead us
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
Scavenger hunts?
Plan C
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
•First presentation:10 points
•Research presentation: 10 points
•Final presentation: 15 points
•Assignments: 5 points each
•Poster: 10 points
•Intermediate report 10 points
•Final report: 30 points
•Scavenger hunts?
BIO 398- Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi
Office: SLC 363/CSC228
Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363,
Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment
Phone: (570) 408-4762
Email: [email protected]
BIO 398 - Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi
Office: SLC 363/CSC228
Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363,
Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment
Phone: (570) 408-4762
Email: [email protected]
Course webpage:
http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/bio398.html
Vegetative Plants
3 Parts
1. Leaf
2. Stem
3. Root
Vegetative Plants
3 tissue types
1. Dermal
2. Ground
3. Vascular
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Plant Development
Cell division = growth
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•
Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
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•
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Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
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•
•
•
Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation: developing specific structures in
specific locations
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•
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•
•
Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs
Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
• embryogenesis
Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis
Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis
• Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation
Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis
• Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation
Many responses to environment
Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls: cells can’t move:
Must grow towards/away from signals
Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead
• Plasticity: plants develop in
response to environment
Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls: cells can’t move
• Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
• Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals
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•
•
•
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones
•
•
•
•
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones
• No germ line!
Unique features of plant development
• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones
• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
Unique features of plant development
• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones
• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
• Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have
different DNA & form
different gametes
Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit
Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit
3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
7) Homeostasis
Plant Cells
1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
7) Homeostasis
8) Very small
Why are cells so small?
1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
Why are cells so small?
1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
2)surface/volume ratio
Why are cells so small?
1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
2) surface/volume ratio
• surface area increases more slowly than volume
Why are cells so small?
1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
2) surface/volume ratio
• surface area increases more slowly than volume
• exchange occurs only at surface
• eventually have insufficient exchange for survival
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth
stops
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth
stops
• Lignins make it tough
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
• Protects & gives cell shape
• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth
stops
• Lignins make it tough
• Problem for "cellulosic
Ethanol" from whole
plants
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• 1˚ wall made first
• 2˚ wall made after growth
stops
• Lignins make it tough
• Problem for "cellulosic
Ethanol" from whole
plants
• Middle lamella = space
between 2 cells
Plant Cells
1) Cell walls
• 1˚ wall made first
• 2˚ wall made after growth
stops
• Middle lamella = space
between 2 cells
• Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
•
Plant Cells
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
•
Plant Cells
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
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Plant Cells
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
• Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!
Types of Organelles
1) Endomembrane System
2) Putative endosymbionts
Endomembrane system
Common features
• derived from ER
Endomembrane system
Common features
• derived from ER
• transport is in vesicles
Endomembrane system
Common features
• derived from ER
• transport is in vesicles
• proteins & lipids are
glycosylated
Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
5) Nuclear
Envelope
6) Endosome
7) Oleosomes
ER
Network of membranes t/out cell
2 types: SER & RER
SER
tubules that lack ribosomes
fns:
1) Lipid syn
2) Steroid syn
3) drug detox
4) storing Ca2+
5) Glycogen
catabolism
RER
Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes
1˚ fn = protein synthesis
-> ribosomes are making proteins
ER
SER & RER make new membrane!
GOLGI COMPLEX
Flattened stacks of membranes made
from ER
GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!
GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!
Protein’s address is
built in
VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1)digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1)digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage
VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage
3) turgor: push plasma
membrane against
cell wall
VACUOLES
Vacuoles are subdivided:
lytic vacuoles are distinct
from storage vacuoles!
Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell
Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell
Lipids form
barrier
Proteins transport
objects & info
Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import
Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import
new one for export
Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with
chromatin = mix of DNA and protein
Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with
chromatin
fns = information storage & retrieval
Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)
Endomembrane System
Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane
Fn: sorting materials
& recycling receptors
Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
• filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!