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Cell structure and Function Review Campbell and Reese Chapters 6 & 7 Used and modified from Kreidell http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/krscience /open/cells.htm http://www.animationlibrary.com http://python.rice.edu/~kolomeisky/transport.htm http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif NAME THE CELL PART smooth ER Makes steroids for membranes ______________ Burns glucose and stores energy as ATP Mitochondria ___________________ Transports proteins made Rough ER by its attached ribosomes ________________ Regulates calcium levels Smooth ER in muscle cells ________________ Outer layer that provides support Cell wall & protection for plant cells _______________ NAME THE KIND OF TRANSPORT Movement of water molecules across the membrane with the help of aquaporins OSMOSIS NAME THE CELL PART smooth ER Breaks down toxins in liver cells _____________ Contains thylakoids chloroplasts ___________________ ribosomes Protein synthesis ________________ Contain cristae mitochondria ________________ Organize spindle and guide chromosomes during animal cell division centrioles _________________ NAME THE CELL PART Use energy from sunlight _____________ chloroplast to make glucose Sac of digestive enzymes lysosomes __________________ Golgi apparatus (body) Modify, sort, and package ________________ proteins for export Store water in plant cells Central vacuole ________________ Region where microtubules for centrosome mitotic spindle are initiated ________________ A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called Semi permeable OR ____________________ selectively permeable http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg NAME THE CELL PART GOLGI Has a cis and trans surface _____________ Area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced nucleolus _________________ tonoplast Membrane that encloses ________________ the central vacuole in a plant cell plasmodesmata Channels through cell walls _______________ that connect adjacent plant cells NAME THE CELL PART extracellular Glycoprotein rich substance ______________ matrix (ECM) in which animal tissue cells are embedded Intracellular connection between animal cells that function like rivets to fasten cells together into strong sheets desmosomes (also called anchoring junctions) ___________________ Granum (pl. grana) Stack of thylakoids ________________ NAME THE CELL PART smooth ER Called sarcoplasmic reticulum ______________ in muscle cells Double membrane enclosing the nucleus Nuclear envelope ________________ (nuclear membrane) Plasma membrane Creates a boundary and ________________ (cell membrane) controls what enters and leaves cell Netlike array of protein nuclear lamina filaments that maintains ________________ nuclear shape Name the transport proteins that help move water molecules across cell membranes Aquaporins PASSIVE This process is a kind of ___________ transport. passive active NAME THE KIND OF TRANSPORT Molecules move across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration without help from transport proteins or vesicles diffusion NAME THE CELL PART nuclear pores Openings in nuclear envelope ______________ that regulate entry & exit Small membrane sacs used for transport and storage vesicles ________________ Smooth ER ER without ribosomes ________________ Metabolic compartments peroxisomes that produce hydrogen ________________ peroxide NAME THE CELL PART basal body Centriole-like structure ______________ that anchors cilia & flagella Many, short structures with a 9 + 2 arrangement of cilia microtubules that help in movement ___________ Rough ER ER with ribosomes ________________ Few, long hair-like structures flagella with a 9 + 2 microtubule ________________ arrangement that move cells (ie. Sperm tail) Name this organelle http://www.peer.tamu.edu/.../module_3/whatweknow2.htm mitochondrion NAME THE CELL PART anchoring Another name for desmosomes _______________ junctions Intracellular connection between animal cells (most like plasmodesmata) through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other Gap junctions small molecules can pass ___________________ nucleoid Region in a prokaryote where ________________ DNA is found The yellow heads of these phospholipid molecules stay on the outside of the bilayer next to the water environment because they are ______________. polar polar nonpolar NAME THE CELL PART Intracellular connection between animal cells forming a continuous seal to prevent leaking of extracellular fluid across epithelial cells tight junctions ___________________ Network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that play a role in support and cytoskeleton movement________________ NAME THE CELL PART Fluid surrounding the grana that contains the stroma chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, _______________ and enzymes for photosynthesis Fluid filled compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane matrix that contains mitochondrial DNA, _____________ ribosomes, and enzymes for cellular respiration Molecule with a glycerol phosophate head and two fatty acid tails which is a major component in cell membranes phospholipid Energy storage molecule produced in mitochondria when glucose is metabolized ATP Vacuoles in freshwater protists that maintain water balance by pumping out excess water CONTRACTILE VACUOLES These structures are necessary for survival because a pond or lake is hypotonic ___________ compared to the organisms that live there. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif hypotonic hypertonic Name this group of molecules They are phospholipids These molecules are the main component in which cell part? Cell membranes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cooper&part=A258&rendertype=figure&id=A258 eukaryote An animal cell is a ___________. prokaryote eukaryote This organelle is Rough ER the ____________ http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.2205 Name this kind of transport http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle ENDOCYTOSIS If the green square above represents a large molecule or a whole cell this would be called __________________ PHAGOCYTOSIS The type of transport that uses vesicles to move substances OUT of cells is called exocytosis ______________ Which energy transport and storage molecule provides the energy needed for active transport? ATP eukaryote An plant cell is a ___________. prokaryote eukaryote This organelle is Smooth ER the ____________ http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMSERE.html The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986 The blue tails of these phospholipid molecules stay inside the bilayer away from water because they are ______________. Non polar polar nonpolar This organelle is the ____________ nucleus The dark spots inside are Nucleoli ________________ (sing. nucleolus) http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/cell_structure.htm Name the type of transport Substance attaches to specific membrane proteins and is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle Receptor mediated ENDOCYTOSIS The molecules that bind to the receptors ligands are called ______________ The many short hairlike structures that help move this eukaryotic cell are __________ cilia What pattern of microtubules would be found inside? 9+ 2 The one long hair-like structure that helps this sperm move is flagella called a _______________ What pattern of microtubules would be found inside? 9 + 2 Name the kind of transport http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html Substance in put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE INSIDE CELL OUTSIDE CELL EXOCYTOSIS ACTIVE This kind of transport is ____________ active passive Name the kind of transport ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If these dots represent fluids or dissolved solutes this would be called PINOCYTOSIS ___________________ prokaryotes Bacteria are ____________ prokaryotes eukaryotes This storage space Central vacuole is a ___________. Tell the parts of the cell theory. *All living things are made of cells. *Cells are the basic units of structure & function in an organism * Cells are produced from existing cells. A small structure in a cell that performs a specific function = organelle ______________ COMPARE AND CONTRAST PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS ALIKE BOTH EUKARYOTIC Contain DNA in chromosomes, ribosomes, Have membrane bound organelles (ie. ER, Golgi,) Use mitochondria for cellular respiration DIFFERENT Plants- cell wall containing cellulose; animals-no cell wall Plants-a large central vacuole; animals- many, smaller vacuoles Plants- chloroplasts (autotrophs) and animal-don’t (heterotrophs) Animals-centrioles and plants- don’t Animals-cholesterol in their cell membranes Plants store starch; animals store glycogen Plants have plasmodesmata; animals have gap junctions When you sit in the bathtub, your fingers get wrinkly because the bath water enters your skin cells. This is because bath water is ____________ hypotonic compared to your skin cells Hypotonic isotonic hypertonic In the diagrams below the circle represents a cell in a liquid environment and the black dots represent solute molecules… Use –TONIC words to label the solutions compared to the cells HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE PASSIVE Facilitated diffusion ___________________ Osmosis Na + PASSIVE ____________________ ACTIVE - K+ pump ____________________ Diffusion PASSIVE ____________________ ACTIVE Endocytosis _______________________ ACTIVE Exocytosis ________________________ Name cell part that is made of microtubules Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal body, mitotic spindle Name the most abundant glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix made of strong fibers embedded in a network of woven from proteoglycan collagen Freshwater fish HYPO live in a _____tonic environment. To maintain its water/ion balance (osmoregulation) a freshwater fish must urinate frequently and actively pump ions in through its gills Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE PASSIVE Gated channels ___________________ ACTIVE Receptor mediated endocytosis_______________ PASSIVE Ion channels ____________________ ACTIVE Proton pump ____________________ ACTIVE Pinocytosis _______________________ ACTIVE Phagocytosis ________________________ Which method of Vesicular Transport is occurring? 1. Pinches off from organelles, travel to other organelles to deliver contents. Coatomer Coated Vescicles 1. Very selective plasma membrane proteins (receptors) bind to external substances (like insulin, enzymes, flu virus) and form clarithin-coated pits. Receptor-Mediated Vesicles Which method of Vesicular Transport is occurring? 1. Small vesicles form to capture specific molecules (tetanus, folates) from extracellular fluid and then bring into cell, release the contents, and vesicle exits cell by trancytosis. Caveolin Coated Vescicles This diagram represents an animal cell in a liquid environment. The black dots represent solute molecules. This cell is in a iso _____tonic solution. It will probably stay ________________ the same size shrink swell & burst stay the same size This diagram represents an animal cell in a liquid environment. The black dots represent solute molecules. This cell is in a ______tonic solution. hyper shrink It will probably ________________ shrink swell & burst stay the same size The coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance with the “uphill” transport of another substance against its gradient is called _____________ cotransport http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/2003/talbert/YFYG.html Name the kind of transport http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/voltgate.htm Gated ion channel Membrane proteins make a passageway through the membrane for ions that opens or closes due to a chemical or electrical stimulus Name an organelle besides the cell nucleus that has its OWN DNA Mitochondria OR chloroplasts A group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function are called tissue a _______________ This diagram represents an animal cell in a liquid environment. The black dots represent solute molecules. This cell is in a _____tonic solution. hypo It will probably swell ________________ and burst shrink swell & burst stay the same size Marine (salt water) fish live in a HYPER _____tonic environment. To maintain its water/ion balance (osmoregulation) a marine fish drinks sea water, rarely urinates, and actively pump ions out through its gills http://www.floridafishinginfo.net/Blackfin%20Tuna.jpg Put in order of increasing size: Organ cell organ system organism tissue organ tissue cell _______ _________ _________ Organ system ______________ organism _____________ ACTIVE transport can move ____________ molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient. Active Passive When you mix iodine starch with ____________ you will see a black/purple color change. Which type of transport creates the acidic environment found inside lysosomes? Proton pumps in lysosomal membranes move (H+ ions) into the lysosome making it more acidic inside A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function are called a(n) _______________ Organ system Putting plant cells into a HYPERTONIC solution will cause water to _______ the cell leave enter leave decrease This will cause a(n) ___________ in osmotic pressure. COMPARE AND CONTRAST PLANT and BACTERIAL Cells ALIKE Have cell walls, plasma membranes; ribosomes; DNA; DIFFERENT Plants Bacteria Eukaryote Prokaryote cellulose in cell wall peptidoglycan in cell wall Nucleus no nucleus Chloroplasts no chloroplasts mitosis binary fission flagella have 9+2 flagella-single filament Bigger ribosomes smaller ribosomes central vacuole none There are more…… chloroplast http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg/315px-Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.htm Name this organelle Golgi Body cis face is the “receiving” side and is The ____ closest to the ER. The ______ trans face is the “shipping” side and releases vesicles that move to the cell membrane for export. Putting plant cells into a HYPOTONIC solution will cause water to _______ the cell enter enter leave increase This will cause a(n) ___________ in osmotic pressure. Transport proteins that generate voltage across a membrane like the Na+-K+ pump and proton pump electrogenic pumps. are called ____________ What keeps plant cells from undergoing bursting in hypotonic environments? Cell wall is sturdy & holds shape Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the Na + -K+ pump? http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm mitochondria higher concentrations Membranes with _______ of UNSATURATED phospholipid tails remain fluid to a lower temperature. lower higer Explain why the dialysis tube in lab turned black but the water in the cup did not. Iodine from the cup was able to pass through the membrane tube and touch the starch inside the dialysis tube (starch + iodine = black) Starch in the tube was too large to pass through the membrane and move into the cup water so cup did not turn black Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space. This is called ___________________ equilibrium Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances across a membrane Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, Exocytosis, endocytosis, Receptor mediated endocytosis Name the kind of transport that moves WATER across cell membranes Osmosis; aquaporin channels Name a kind of transport that uses membrane proteins to help move substances across cell membranes Facilitated diffusion, ion channels, gated channels, proton pumps, Na+-K+ pump, aquaporins, carrier proteins Name an organelle besides the nucleus that has DNA Mitochondria OR chloroplasts Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. Cilia- several, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer A B C D E A = Cell ________________ membrane Rough ER B = ________________ nucleus C = ________________ Golgi Body D= _________________ Mitochondrion E= __________________ True or False Bacteria don’t have ribosomes. False; Yes, they do Ribosomes aren’t made of membranes True or False Plant cells don’t have centrioles True; at least we can’t see them COMPARE AND CONTRAST ANIMAL and BACTERIAL Cells ALIKE Have plasma membranes; ribosomes; DNA; DIFFERENT Animal Bacteria Eukaryote Prokaryote no cel wall peptidoglycan in cell wall Nucleus no nucleus mitosis binary fission flagella have 9+2 flagella-single filament Bigger ribosomes smaller ribosomes Centrioles no centrioles Steroids in cell membrane no steroids There are more…… chloroplast Region between the nucleus and plasma membrane that includes the organelles and the gel-like fluid is cytoplasm called the ____________ As a cell increases in size, its surface decreases area to volume ratio ____________ increases decreases True or False Bacteria don’t have a plasma membrane. FALSE; All cells have a plasma (cell) membrane on the outside Name the two main components of cell membranes Phospholipids and proteins The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space is called a Concentration gradient ______________________ PASSIVE ___________ transport does NOT require energy to move molecules How is cytosol different from cytoplasm? Cytosol is the gel-like fluid in which the organelles are suspended; Cytoplasm is the region between nucleus and plasma membrane; it includes the organelles AND cytosol Cells that need a lot of energy probably have a lot of ______________ mitochondria Golgi bodies Smooth ER mitochondria centrioles Ribosomes are made out of which two molecules? Proteins and RNA Type of plastid in plant cells that stores pigments which give fruits and flowers their colors chromoplast This circular flow of cytoplasm around inside plant cells is called cytoplasmic streaming ____________________. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cytoplasmic_streaming.gif It is helped by which component of the cytoskeletal system? Microfilaments (actin) H+ ions PROTON PUMP moves ____ across cell membranes Cells that have a nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles eukaryotes are called ________________ Type of plastid in plant cells that stores starch in roots and tubers amyloplast Name the most permanent component of the cytoskeletal system built from keratin proteins Intermediate filaments Name the three types of junctions in animal cells Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions Programmed cell death or “cell suicide” for the good of the organism is called __________ apoptosis Name the cell organelle involved in this process. lysosomes Which type of specialized junction allows plant cells to coordinate metabolic activity by providing channels for the passage of small molecules? plasmodesmata Name a cell part that would use this building block molecule It is an amino acid; ribosomes use it to make proteins Name the cell part that makes this molecule Mitochondria store energy as ATP The symptoms of a certain inherited disorder in humans include breathing problems and sterility in males. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis for the molecular basis of this disorder? (Explain your answer) A. a defective enzyme in the mitochondria B. C. D. E. defective actin molecules in cellular microfilaments defective dynein molecules in cilia and flagella abnormal hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosomes defective ribosome assembly in the nucleolus C. Cilia are found in the respiratory system and flagella move sperm; if dynein doesn’t function, these can’t move and do their job Campbell Self quiz Name the oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system, which produces hydrogen peroxide as it breaks down various substances. peroxisomes http://python.rice.edu/~kolomeisky/transport.htm Motor proteins are responsible for intracellular movement by interacting with which cellular structures? Microtubules (cytoskeleton) Lysosomal enzymes require acidic _____________ conditions in order to function. acidic basic Explain why this is a good idea to protect the cell from accidental destruction. If a lysosome breaks or leaks its content, the neutral pH of the cytoplasm keeps the released enzymes from being active. However, excessive leakage from large numbers of lysosomes can destroy a cell by autodigestion Name the globular protein that is used to build microtubules tubulin ____________ MOTOR proteins “walk” along microtubules and pull structures in cells Name the globular protein that is used to build microfilaments ACTIN Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. Cilia- many, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer Describe at least two common characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria Both involved in energy transformation Have double membranes Campbell Concept check 6.5 Have own DNA Name the genetic lysosomal storage you learned about in which lipids build up in the brain causing retardation and early death Tay Sachs Cyanide binds with at least one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Following exposure of a cell to cyanide, most of the cyanide could be expected to be found within the A A. mitochondria B. ribsomes C. peroxisomes D. lysosomes E. endoplasmic reticulum Campbell Self-Quiz Name the layers shown in the diagram at the right that surround Primary plant cells cell wall Secondary cell wall Middle lamella Name this layer found on the outside of animal cells Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Animal cell junctions that function like rivets to fasten adjacent cells together into strong sheets are called _______________ desmosomes or anchoring junctions Animal cell junctions that form when neighboring cells are tightly pressed together and bound by specific proteins to prevent leakage between cells are Tight junctions called ________________ Intercellular junctions which provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells are Gap junctions or communicating called ________________ junctions. Which of the following is not considered part of the endomembrane system? A. nuclear envelope B B. chloroplast Campbell Self quiz C. Golgi apparatus D. plasma membrane E. ER Choose the statement that correctly characterizes bound ribosomes A. Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane. B. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different C. Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins D. The most common location for bound ribosmes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. E. All of the above C. is correct Campbell Self-Quiz Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells? A. chloroplast B. wall made of cellulose C. tonoplast D D. mitochondrion E. centriole Campbell Self-Quiz Which of the following is present in prokaryotic cells? A. mitochondrion B B. ribosome C. nuclear envelope D. chloroplast E. ER Campbell Self-Quiz Which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes? A. muscle cell B. nerve cell C. phagocytic white blood cell D. leaf cell of a plant E. bacterial cell C. Phagocytic white blood cells digest the bacteria they “eat” using lysosomes Campbell Self-Quiz Which of the following structure-function pairs is mismatched? A. nucleolus; ribosome production B. lysosome; intracellular digestion C. ribosome; protein synthesis D. Golgi; protein trafficking E E. microtubule; muscle contraction Campbell Self-Quiz Explain the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes. Chromatin is DNA and proteins that coils up into chromosomes; chromosomes are condensed in dividing cells for easy transport; Unwinding the chromosomes allows the DNA code in the chromatin to be read; GAP __________ junctions in animal tissue are similar to plasmodesmata in plants. Both allow communication between adjacent cells Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells attributable to the absense of a prokaryotic cytoskeleton? A. Organelles are found only in eukaryotic cells B B. Cytoplasmic streaming is not observed in prokaryotes C. Only eukaryotic cells are capable of movement D. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls E. Only the eukaryotic cell concentrates its genetic material in a region separate from the rest of the cell Campbell Self-Quiz Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking insulin, which is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell? D A. B. C. D. ER→Golgi→nucleus Golgi →ER →lysosome nucleus → ER→ Golgi ER→Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E. ER → lysosomes→ vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane Campbell Self-Quiz According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from photosynthesizing bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? chloroplasts What evidence supports the Endosymbiotic theory? Inner membranes of mitochondria/chloroplasts have enzymes and transport systems homologous to plasma membranes of prokaryotes Mitochondria and plastids replicate with binary fission Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain a single circular DNA without histones like bacteria Ribosomes are similar smaller size and show similar antibiotic sensitivity Amoeba crawl by extending and flowing into extensions from its cell membrane called pseudopodia ________________ Give 2 kinds of evidence that support the Endosymbiotic theory. Mitochondria/chloroplasts and bacteria have similar: circular DNA division using binary fission molecules in their inner membranes smaller ribosomes Woman scientist and proponent of the Endosymbiotic theory Lynn Margulis According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from aerobic bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? mitochondria Name a cell part that has this 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules Cilia OR flagella motor The dynein arms seen above are ____________ proteins that “walk” along adjoining microtubule doublets to cause bending. http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC040844/animalcells.htm Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane Name the process seen during embryonic development involving programmed cell death using lysosomes via which your fingers and toes formed from paddle-like structures and your tail disappeared. Apoptosis “cell suicide” OR autophagy “self digestion” http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/tail_bud.htm http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg The pumping of this ion out of nerve cells sets up the membrane potential and its rapid return through ion channels into nerve cells when they are stimulated sends the signal along the nerve cell + Na http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC040844/animalcells.htm Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; embedded in the membrane Name a cell part that has this 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules Eukaryotic cilia OR flagella How is a bacterial flagella different from a eukaryotic flagella? Doesn’t have the 9 + 2 pattern; does not contain microtubules; single protein filament; Not covered by plasma membrane Name the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of animal cells collagen Name the netlike array of protein filaments that line the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope that helps nucleus maintain its shape and reform after cell division Nuclear lamina Light Transmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Which type of microscope could you use to study: The changes in a shape of a living white blood cell? Light microscope The details of surface texture of a hair? Scanning electron microscope-good for 3D/ surfaces The detailed structure of an organelle? Transmission electron microscope- can see organelles Campbell concept check 6.1 The substance that is dissolved = solute ________________ (like the Koolaid powder or sugar) The substance the solute is dissovled in = ____________ solvent (like the water in Koolaid) solution Solute + solvent = __________ (Koolaid) http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rFrI2UmxtBM/R88VZUcaZ1I/AAAAAAAAAVw/XDfMn__u8xw/s400/koolaid.jpg Name the type of transport responsible for setting up the membrane potential in a nerve cell Na+ - K+ pump Name the motor proteins that interact with actin during muscle contraction myosin Which GENETIC DISORDER (due to defective or absent chloride ion channels) results in an abnormally high concentration of extracellular Clions. This causes the mucous that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier. Mucous builds up in their lungs, digestive tract, and other organs leading to poor absorption of nutrients, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections. Cystic fibrosis Amylose (starch) Amyloplasts store ______________ Name the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide produced in peroxisomes H2O2 → H2O + O2 catalase Main the main electrogenic pump in plant Proton pump Name the main electrogenic pump in animal cells Na+ - K+ pump Technique used to separate cell components based on size and density Cell fractionation You would expect secretory cells (ex: pancreas cells secrete insulin) to have large numbers of these organelles. Golgi bodies Integral ____________ proteins penetrate into the lipid bilayer either part way or all the way through Transmembrane proteins span the ________________ membrane and touch both sides Peripheral ___________ proteins are loosely bound to the surface of membrane Chromatin is made of __________ & __________ Protein DNA Tell how eukaryotic & prokaryotic ribosomes are different Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (prokaryotic 70S; eukaryotic 80S) and made of different proteins The release of this ion from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell causes muscle contraction Ca++ Name the motor proteins that interact with actin during muscle contraction myosin Pure water has a water 0 zero potential (ψ) = ____ Adding solute to water makes the negative water potential (ψ) Lower/more ______ lower/more negative higher/more positive Adding water to solute makes the Higher/more positive water potential (ψ) ______ lower/more negative higher/more positive http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/quiz.html What is the water potential of the distilled water? Ψ = pressure potential (Ψp) + solute potential (Ψs) Ψ = 0 + 0 = 0 bars What is the water potential of the beet core? Ψ = 0.2 + -0.4 = -0.2 bar Which way will water move? From higher Ψ to lower Ψ moves to the more move from distilled (0) in beaker into beet core (-0.2) http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/quiz.html TOWARD Water is more likely to flow __________ areas with low water potential toward/ away A hypertonic solution has a (HIGH / LOW) water potential compared to the cell. Why? Low – more solute present, less water available to do work According to water potential rules, which way will water move in this system? Water moves out of the cell