Download Gastrointestinal System Unit 44

Gastrointestinal System Unit 44
Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N.
11/29/11
Objectives
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Identify the basic parts and functions of the GI
System
Understand common conditions affecting the GI
system
Understand various treatment for GI Symptoms
Introduction
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Digestive tract extends from mouth to the anus.
Helped by the teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Breaks food down into simpler substances that
are used by the body cells to supply nutrition
and eliminate wastes.
GI System
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Includes the:
-Mouth,teeth,tongue,salivary glands
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
-Large intestine
Digestive System
Function
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GI system:
-Changes proteins into amino acids
-Carbs into simple sugars
-Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
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Changes done by mechanical action and
enzymes.
What isn't digested is excreted.
The Mouth
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Food chewed so it can be swallowed.
Tongue-propels food between teeth to aide in chewing and
propels fooPd back to swallow
Papillae-tastes include: sweet,salty,bitter,sour, and umami
Salivary glands-secrete saliva containing amylase to begin
digestion.
Teeth-mechanically break down food to form a bolus
Pharynx-allows the passage of food and air, leads to
esophagus.
Esophagus-uses peristalsis to move food to stomach.
The Stomach
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Holds food between 3-4 hours.
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Composed of 3 parts:
-Fundus: area above the entrance of the esophagus
-Body:holds food
-Pylorus: the end connecting to the small intestine.
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Stomach cells produce gastric juice like pepsin,
Hydrochloric acid, and intrinsic factor.
The Stomach
The Intestines
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Food leaves stomach in semi-liquid form called
chyme.
Undigested nutrients broken down by enzymes
and bile.
Food digestion completed, and most of the
nutrients and food are absorbed.
Small intestine consists of the duodenum, the
jejunum, and the ileum.
The Intestines Cont.
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Large intestine (colon) consists of the cecum,
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, & anus.
No digestive enzymes! Vitamins are absorbed,
complex carbs broken down by bacteria,
absorbs remaining water.
The Appendix
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Located in LRQ, attached to the cecum.
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No known function.
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When inflamed, appendicitis
Liver & Gallbladder
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The liver function:
-helps control the amount of protein and sugar in
the blood.
-produces prothrombin & fibrinogen (important in
the clotting process)
-produces bile to digest fat
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The gallbladder holds bile from the liver to help
digest fat.
The Pancreas
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Produces exocrine secretions (digestive
enzymes) and endocrine secretions (insulin and
glucagon).
Produces pancreatic juices that help digest
foods.
Abdominal Organs
Malignancy
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Cancers are very common. Symptoms depend
on location of malignancy and may include
obstruction, indigestion, vomiting, constipation,
flatus, blood in the stool.
Treatment may include: Esophagectomy,
subtotal gastrectomy, colectomy(bowel
resection), colostomy, ileostomy.
Ulcerations
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Ulcer-sore or tissue breakdown commonly
occur in the:
-colon (ulcerative colitis)-results in malnutrition &
dehydration
-stomach(gastric ulcer),
-duodenum (duodenal ulcer).
Hernia
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Results when a structure pushes through a
weakened area in a normally restraining wall.
Dangerous when protruding tissue becomes
trapped, circulation limited, tissue dies
(incarcerated hernia).
Repaired surgically with a herniorrhaphy
Hernia
Gallbladder Conditions
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Cholecystisis-inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis- gallstones that may block flow of
bile.
Cholecystectomy- surgical removal of the
gallbladder and stones.
Drains will be placed with yellow-green
drainage.
Drain