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FGV Direito — 11/11/2007
INGLÊS
This article is about the political aspects of climate change. Read the text and answer the questions below. You are advised to read
the questions carefully, giving answers that are of direct relevance and written in English.
Climate Change and Economic Development
Introduction
Assunto dado
em aula no CPV
The average temperature of the earth’s surface has risen by 0.74 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. It is expected to increase by
another 1.8° C to 4° C by the year 2100 — a rapid and profound change — should the necessary action not be taken. The principal
reason for this increase is 150 years of industrialization: the burning of ever-greater quantities of oil, gasoline, and coal, the cutting
of forests, and the practice of certain farming methods. These activities have increased the amount of “greenhouse gases” in the
atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Such gases exist naturally: they are critical for life on earth; but
in augmented and increasing quantities they are pushing the global temperature to artificially high levels and altering the climate.
The current warming trend is expected to cause extinction: many plant and animal species, already weakened by pollution and loss
of habitat, are not expected to survive the next 100 years. Human beings, while not threatened in the same way, are likely to face
increasing difficulties: recent severe storms, floods, and droughts, for example, appear to indicate more frequent “extreme weather
events”; the sea could reach the heavily populated coastlines of certain countries, contaminating freshwater supplies for billions of
people, and causing mass migrations or even the disappearance of some nations entirely; agricultural production is expected to
decrease in most tropical and sub-tropical regions; and the range of diseases, such as malaria, may expand.
Political Aspects
Global warming is a “modern” problem — complicated, involving the entire world, tangled up with difficult issues such as poverty,
economic development, and population growth. Since major effects from climate change now appear inevitable, it is vital for
countries and communities to take practical steps to protect themselves from the likely disruption and damage that will result.
Traditions and habits may limit the lifestyle choices that are available, yet when thousands and even millions of people make
choices that add unnecessarily to the global warming problem, the effects can be considerable. However, if customers and citizens,
especially in industrialized countries, become strongly interested in combating global warming and are willing to buy products that
cut emissions, new processes and technologies might be invented that would greatly reduce or even solve the problem.
Developing Economies
Between 1990 and 2000, the total greenhouse-gas emissions of industrialized countries actually declined slightly (by 5.6 per cent),
but that reflected unusual circumstances: because of the steep and painful drop in economic output of the countries of Eastern
Europe and the former Soviet Union, which were shifting from centrally planned to market economies, emissions in those nations fell
by 37 per cent. However, now the Eastern European “economies in transition” are growing again, and their emissions are rising. The
real work, what is really needed — worldwide economic progress combined with reduced emissions — has yet to be accomplished.
There are problems with economic competition: if laws and regulations around the world are not equally demanding, businesses in
countries that do not require greenhouse-gas reductions will be able to operate more cheaply and sell their products at lower prices
(at least in the short term) than businesses in countries that require more climate-friendly behaviour. Multinational corporations may
shift their factories to places where regulations are less restrictive.
Governments, businesses, and people are going to have to make difficult choices and take painful steps: this requires political will.
Meanwhile, however, the world, of course, is also facing many other problems that require attention and sacrifice.
Adapted from a text by UNFCCC © 2007 UNFCCC
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/feeling_the_heat
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Question A
This question tests your understanding of the text and your ability to identify and paraphrase the relevant pieces of information.
You must answer in full sentences, using your own words.
• What are the possible consequences of climate change, according to the text? (1,2,3)
Sugestão de Resolução:
According to the text, the possible consequences of climate change are: the extinction of many plant and animal species, a decrease in
agricultural production in most tropical and subtropical regions, the expansion of diseases, the increase of the sea level causing contamination
of freshwater supplies, floods and droughts, among others.
Question B
This question tests your ability to express yourself in a manner that is clear, precise and relevant.
The text mentions the role played by “lifestyle choices” in contributing to climate change. It states that: “when … millions of people
make choices that add unnecessarily to the global warming problem, the effects can be considerable”.
• In your opinion, what sort of individual choices contribute to climate change? How serious do you consider such choices to be?
State your own view, giving an informed and thoughtful argument. You should write about 100 words. (4,5,6)
Sugestão de Resolução:
The student should discuss the following line of argument:
The burning of fossil fuel and coal, the cutting of forests and the practice of certain farming methods have increased the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, being responsible for climate change. Governments and citizens should adopt new processes and invent new
technologies to avoid such things from happening and start trying to solve this worrying and hazardous problem that threatens our own and
the generations to come.
Question C
This question tests your ability to construct a balanced, considered and fluent argument, in the form of a short composition.
The quotes below were taken from reports on poverty and on ‘sustainable development’. Read both quotes and answer the
question below.
“There can be no higher priority than the right to live with dignity.”
© Copyright Amnesty International Publications 2005
http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGPOL340092005?open&of=ENG-AGO
“The concept of sustainable development …considers that while development may be essential to satisfy human needs and
improve quality of life, it should occur in such a way that the capacity of the natural environment to meet present and future needs
is not compromised.”
© 2007 UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/science/psd/sd/sd.shtml
• To what extent is there a conflict between developing countries’ needs to combat povety and the need to take action on climate
change? Try to present a balanced and logical discussion, structuring your answer well and justifying all your arguments.
You should write about 120 words. (7,8,9)
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Resolução:
Não há uma resposta que seja única para a questão proposta, e por isso, elaboramos algumas linhas de redação possível para o candidato ter
usado em sua prova. Em nossa resolução foi adotado o inglês com grafia britânica, o aluno poderia ter usado a grafia americana, por exemplo
os termos como programs ou globalization.
Sugestão 1
Make use in your composition of the following understandings:
• Poverty is a structural problem in society. National and local policies and programmes are key to the elimination of poverty.
• The reduction of inequality and the redistribution of resources and opportunities is essential to combating poverty.
• The involvement, empowerment and representation of those affected by poverty is necessary in order to tackle poverty effectively.
• Partnership between government and the social partners (including the community and voluntary sector) at both local and national levels
is vital for effective anti-poverty policies and programmes.
• Tackling poverty involves the promotion of social rights for all.
• Policies and programmes to tackle poverty and promote sustainable development should be complementary.
• There is a need for policies and programmes at a European level which complement local and national policies to tackle poverty and social
exclusion.
Sugestão 2
The environment is, above all, global. But environmental change affects different parts of the planet differently. Links between poverty and
environmental degradation are complex, but obvious. People in developing countries are by far the most vulnerable to climatic variations, air
and water pollution, deterioration of forests and biodiversity, overexploitation of fish stocks and the irresponsible use of certain chemicals.
Sugestão 3
Aside from trade and economic relations, environmental interdependency links countries in the Northern and the Southern hemisphere
through production and consumption. The emission of greenhouse gases or the transmission of disease through the food chain are just two
examples. Ignoring the threats to the environment leads, in the short term, to an undermining of the efforts undertaken to combat poverty and,
in the medium and long term, to an increase in destitution.
Nevertheless, the trend can be reversed. A reduction in soil fertility leads to a drop in agricultural productivity and, ultimately, the loss of vital
resources. Pollution degrades the marine environment and is harmful to fishing. On the other hand, protection of nature increases tourism
potential and, by the same token, the recycling of waste creates jobs in urban centres.
Sugestão 4
Globalisation has changed the world significantly in recent years. Global prosperity has never been greater, yet at the same time global
cohesion has come under steadily increasing pressure from the world's inequality.
In order to break out of poverty, it is crucial that the poorest developing countries also attain the benefits of globalisation. The most important
building stone is a strong commitment to development from the countries themselves. The poor countries must take strong responsibility for
ensuring good governance and for pursuing a sensible economic policy. Without this responsibility, the developing countries will not become
part of the global economy — and thus will be unable to attain the full benefits of globalisation.
Comentário do CPV
A Banca Examinadora da FGV-Direito 2008 manteve o padrão das duas provas anteriores. Foram pedidas três questões dissertativas.
Cada uma delas apresentou grau de dificuldade e habilidade diferente.
A estratégia de resolução pelo candidato poderia ser a seguinte:
• a primeira questão deveria ser respondida objetivamente;
• a segunda questão pedia uma resposta elaborada com referências de conhecimento próprio;
• a terceira questão, a mais difícil, sugeria que se produzisse uma redação de aproximadamente 120 palavras e que o candidato
expressasse claramente sua opinião quanto ao tema e às referências sugeridas na própria questão.
Vale ressaltar que os alunos do CPV tiveram em sala o tema proposto, inclusive um exercício com o mesmo conteúdo solicitado e,
por isso, o vocabulário não deve ter apresentado nenhuma dificuldade.
A equipe de Inglês do CPV considerou a prova muito bem elaborada e o tema apropriado ao vestibular proposto pela Faculdade de
Direito.
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