Download Biological Diversity Review Questions

Biological Diversity Review Questions
Answer all questions in complete sentences on a separate piece of paper.
Section 1.0
1.
How is a population related to a
community? Refer to a pond environment to
illustrate your answer.
A population refers to a group of
individuals of the same species (such
as a group of Northern Pike) but a
community is when two or more
populations of different species live
in one area.
2.
7.
Describe one major threat to biological
diversity.
Human – pollution, urbanization,
habitat destruction
Natural – catastrophic events,
overspecialization, over-population
which leads to increased
competition.
What is genetic diversity?
Genetic diversity refers to the
differences in the DNA of one
species. For example – some people
have a trait for brown eyes, some for
blue, ect.
3.
Using an example, explain how species are
dependent on many other species in their
environments.
In a forest ecosystem a squirrel is
dependent on the trees for shelter and
food. It is also dependent on the fox
to be its predator so its population
number stays controlled so that there
is an appropriate amount of
competition between squirrels for
shelter and food.
4.
What is a niche? Describe the niche of a
wolf in the Canadian Rockies.
A niche is the role an organism has
in its environment. A wolf is a
predator and higher-level consumer
in the food web. It is able to travel a
great distance within the Rockies and
has few predators. It eats caribou and
travels in packs.
5.
In parasitism, how does the parasite depend
on its host for survival?
The parasite depends on the host for
its nutrient supply. The parasite
benefits and the host is harmed. An
example would be a tick surviving
on the blood from a deer.
6.
Why is the niche a species occupies so
important to survival?
The niche a species occupies
determines what resources are
available and what threats might
exist to it.
Picture for topic 2 number 12
Section 2.0
8. What is similar about sperm cells
and egg cells? What is different?
Sperm and eggs cells are
gametes(sex cells). They contain half
of the chromosome number that a
body cell contains. They are different
in that one is a male sex cell and one
is a female sex cell.
9. What is a zygote? A zygote is a
fertilized eggHow is it formed?When
the sperm cell and the egg cell unite.
10. Differentiate between heritable and
non-heritable characteristics.
Provide examples of each type.
Heritable – traits that you obtain
from your DNA (passed down from
generations). Example – hair colour
Non – Heritable : Traits that you
have to learn or acquire. For example
– learning another language.
11. Outline the path of development in
animals from gametes to embryo.
Sperm fertilizes egg cell – zygote is
formed – cleavage(cell division) –
continued cell division – embryo
formed.
12. Sketch the parts of a flower that are
involved in reproduction. Describe
how each part functions in crossfertilization.
The pollen from one plant is
transferred to the stigma of another
plant
13. What form of asexual reproduction
do yeast cells use and how does it
work?Budding – asexual
reproduction where a small version
of the parent cell is formed and then
can detach and exist independently.
14. Explain the difference between
asexual and sexual reproduction and
the advantages and disadvantages of
each in terms of biological diversity.
Both sexual and asexual
reproduction produces a new
individual in the breeding species.
Asexual reproduction differs from
sexual reproduction in that it only
involves one parent whereas sexual
reproduction involves two parents.
Asexual reproduction also differs in
that it produces an offspring with the
exact same characteristics as the
parent. Sexual reproduction
produces offspring with
characteristics of both parents.
The advantages of asexual
reproduction include not needing
specialized cells and producing many
offspring quickly where as sexual
reproduction produces offspring with
lots of variation. The disadvantages
of asexual reproduction is that there
is no variation in the offspring and
the disadvantage of sexual
reproduction is that it takes a lot of
energy and there are limited number
of offspring produced.
15. Compare the different types of
asexual reproduction.
The types of asexual reproduction are
binary fission, budding, spore
production and vegetative
reproduction. Binary fission occurs in
one-celled organisms such as amoebas
when they split in two to produce two
identical individuals. Budding occurs in
organisms such as yeast where it
produces a smaller version of itself that
will eventually become a new individual
identical to the parent. Ferns are
organisms the reproduce through spore
production, which produce seed-like
individuals from the division of the
parent that will eventually develop into a
new individual identical to the parent.
Vegetative reproduction occurs when a
plant reproduce through a runner, a
sucker, or a cutting, such as plucking a
leaf from an African violet and sticking
it in dirt will produce a new plant
identical to the plant the leaf was
plucked from.
Section 3.0
16. What is meant by the term
“genetic code”?
DNA – is made of 4 bases
(guanine, adenine, cytosine and
thymine) and the
arrangement/order of these bases
determines the instructions for
that cell.
17. Explain the relationship among
DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
The DNA molecule makes up
genes and genes are located on
the chromosomes. DNA, genes
and chromosomes are all located
in a cell’s nucleus. The roll of
DNA, genes and chromosomes in
the transmission of genetic
information begins with the
duplication of the DNA, genes
and chromosomes. The cell
splits and only half of the
chromosomes, with the genetic
information, are passed to the
offspring so the offspring
receives genetic information
from both parents.
18. Explain why sex cells need to
contain only half the DNA of
body cells.
The male sex cell (sperm) and
the female sex cell (egg) unit to
form the zygote; therefore, we
each sex cell only needs to have
half the total amount of DNA.
The sperm contains half and the
egg contains half and together
they contain the whole amount.
19. Describe how a hybrid black cat
differs from a purebred black cat.
A hybrid black cat would have a
dominant and a recessive allele
(Bb) whereas the purebred cat
would have two of the same (BBtwo dominant) or (bb – two
recessive).
20. Using words or a diagram,
describe the processes of mitosis
and meiosis.
Mitosis happens in
.
In mitosis, one cell divides to
form cells. In mitosis, each
new cell has
number and type of
Daughter cells
chromosomes as the original cell.
Meiosis happens in
. In
meiosis, one cell divides to form
cells. In meiosis, each new cell
has the number of
chromosomes as the original cell.
21. How does binary fission differ
from meiosis?
Binary fission is the same as
mitosis – where the cell
duplicates its DNA, the DNA
lines up, and then the cell splits
(only one cell division with 2
daughter cells with the full
amount of DNA). In meiosis, the
cell divides twice and there are 4
daughter cells with half the
DNA.
Section 4.0
22. Summarize the differences
between extinction and
extirpation. Give one example of
each.
Extinction and extirpation are
both the disappearance of a
species. When a species no
longer exists anywhere on the
planet it is extinct while a species
has only disappeared from a
certain area it is extirpated. The
Dodo is extinct as it no longer
exists on Earth, while the Blackfooted ferret is gone from the
southern prairies only so it is
extirpated.
23. Describe what environmental
factors are contributing to the
increased rate of extinction
currently being observed.
Lack of food from
overpopulation, catastrophic
events, habitat destruction,
disease, overspecialization,
overhunting, introduction of
invasive species,
pesticide/herbicide use
24. Explain the effect that
technology used in the livestock
industry, such as artificial
insemination, has on the genetic
variation of domesticated
animals such as cattle and sheep.
Using only the “best” traits leads
to a lack of biodiversity making
herds susceptible to diseases,
inbreeding may be a result of
calves from the same genes
mating.
25. Identify at least four different
ways that human activity affects
plant and animal species and
provide examples of each.
Overhunting – reduction in the
buffalo/bison population.
Habitat destruction – blackfooted ferret being extirpated.
Introduction of non-native
invasive species – purple
loosestrife taking over.
Pesticide/herbicide use – makes
herbicide resistant weeds.
26. Compare and contrast genetic
engineering with other types of
reproductive technology.
Genetic engineering is similar to
artificial insemination and in
vitro fertilization as it is a way to
“improve” organisms or produce
organisms with the traits we
want. However, genetic
engineering involves taking
DNA and altering it or inserting
it into another organism, while
both artificial insemination and
in vitro fertilization does not
change the DNA or an organism
or insert it into a different
organism.
27. Describe three examples of
genetic engineering.
Inserting a gene from one species
into another – glowing monkeys,
duplicating the DNA to create a
clone of the organism – Dolly,
altering the DNA to “fix”
problems.
Important Terminology
Biological Diversity Unit Exam
The following terms are important for you to know and understand for the
upcoming unit exam:
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Biological Diversity
Abiotic/Biotic Factors
Ecosystem
Symbiotic Relationships (Commensalism/Mutualism/Parasitism)
Interspecies Competition
Resource Partitioning
Variation
Niche
Habitat
Natural Selection/Artificial Selection
Heritable/Non-heritable characteristics
Asexual reproduction (budding/binary fission/spore production/vegetative
reproduction(cuttings))
Sexual Reproduction
Ova/Gametes/Zygote/Embryo/Cleavage/Sperm Cells
Cross Pollination
Cross Fertilization
DNA
Nucleus
Thymine/Adenine/Guanine/Cytosine
Allele/Gene/Chromosome
Mitosis/Meiosis – reference page 47 of textbook
Purebred/Hybrid
Dominant/Recessive/Incomplete Dominance
Overspecialization
Extirpated/Extinct/Threatened/Special Concern
COSEWIC
Cloning/In Vitro Fertilization/Genetic Engineering/Selective Breeding
To be successful on this unit exam please study your:
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Notes
Textbook
Check and Reflect Questions
Review Questions
Projects (ecosystem, Asexual reproduction, DNA relationship and Extinct/Extirpated
organism newsletter)