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Topic A3. Tropical Wetlands for Climate
Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Daniel Murdiyarso and Boone Kauffman
Topic A3. Slide 2 of 26
Outline
 Introduction
• Why wetlands?
• Wetlands and global initiatives
 Tropical mangrove ecosystems
• Distribution of mangroves
• Mangrove for mitigation
• Adapting SLR in mangrove ecosystems
 Tropical peatland ecosystems
• Distribution of peatlands
• Peatlands for mitigation
• Ecosystem based adaptation
 Summary
Topic A3. Slide 3 of 26
Why Wetlands
Tropical Wetlands Importance in the Global C
Balance
 Very high C stocks, some of the highest on the
planet (0.25% of land surface but 3% of the
world’s soil C)
 Sources of methane (CH4), another species of
GHGs
 Rates of wetland cover change/deforestation is
high in the tropics
 GHG emissions from land use change much
higher than those from converted upland
forests
Topic A3. Slide 4 of 26
Why Wetlands
Wetlands provide numerous Ecosystem
Services
 Flood control
 Coastal systems protect from storms and tsunamis
 Breeding and rearing habitat for fish and shellfish
 Sources of wood and other forest products
 Ecotourism
 High biodiversity
 Habitat for rare and endangered species
 Source of nutrients and energy to adjacent habitats
 Storage of Carbon
Topic A3. Slide 5 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives:
Ramsar Convention and IPCC
RAMSAR class
Corresponding wetlands Sub-categories in
the IPCC terminology
Aquaculture
Flooded Land
Ponds
Flooded Land
Irrigated land (if cultivated)
Seasonally flooded agricultural land
Cropland
Rice Cultivation
Salt exploitation sites
---
Water storage areas
Flooded Land
Excavations (partly)
Peatlands managed for peat extraction
Wastewater treatment areas
Canals and drainage channels, ditches.
“Constructed wetlands” or Waste Sector
--
 Bucharest COP 11 Resolution XI.14 on Implication of Climate Change on Wetlands
Topic A3. Slide 6 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives: IPCC
Invitations to the IPCC to organize an expert meeting on methodological work related to
reporting when using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
The expert meeting should explore the need and ways to clarify, improve and provide updated
information, as appropriate, related to, inter alia: Information in Ch. 7 on wetlands, in particular
the methodological guidance in those areas for which gaps are identified in Table 7.1 of Ch. 7
and gaps related to some uses of wetlands which are currently not fully covered, for example
the drainage of wetlands, the rewetting of previously drained wetlands or wetland
restoration.
Topic A3. Slide 7 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives:
UNFCCC SBSTA
Topic A3. Slide 8 of 26
Wetland and global initiatives:
Blue Carbon Initiatives
Topic A3. Slide 9 of 26
Global Mangrove distribution
Topic A3. Slide 10 of 26
The 15 most mangroves-rich
countries
SN
Country
1
Indonesia
2
Area (ha)
% of global total
3,122,989
22.6
Australia
977,975
7.1
3
Brazil
962,683
7.0
4
Mexico
741,917
5.4
5
Nigeria
653,669
4.7
6
Malaysia
505,386
3.7
7
Myanmar (Burma)
494,584
3.6
8
Papua New Guinea
480,121
3.5
9
Bangladesh
436,570
3.2
10
Cuba
421,538
3.1
11
India
368,276
2.7
12
Guinea Bissau
338,652
2.5
13
Mozambique
318,851
2.3
14
Madagaskar
327,078
2.0
15
Phillipines
263,137
1.9
FAO (2007)
Topic A3. Slide 11 of 26
Mangroves deforestation
Topic A3. Slide 12 of 26
Mangroves in the Indo-Pacific region

Spanning 30o of latitude and 73o of
longitude

Diverse in species and habitat

Storing carbon more than four times
higher than those stored in tropical
upland forests

High potential for climate change
mitigation
Topic A3. Slide 13 of 26
C-stocks in degraded mangroves
Kauffman et al. Ecological Applications (2014)
Topic A3. Slide 14 of 26
Global aquaculture production
Topic A3. Slide 15 of 26
Sea-level Rise – IPCC AR5
RCP2.6: 0.26 to 0.55 m
RCP4.5: 0.32 to 0.63 m
RCP6.0: 0.33 to 0.63 m
RCP8.5: 0.45 to 0.82 m
For RCP8.5, the rise by the year 2100 is
0.52 to 0.98 m
Source: IPCC (2013)
Topic A3. Slide 16 of 26
Mangroves and SLR
Vietnam
Republic of Palau
Modified from: Alongi Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (2008)
Topic A3. Slide 17 of 26
The Sundarbands
• The world's largest remaining
single block of mangrove forests
• Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2)
• Delta front has undergone a net
erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal land
in the past 37 years study period
Source: Rahman et al. (2011)
Topic A3. Slide 18 of 26
Global peatland distribution
Source: Yu et al. Geophysical Research Letters (2010)
Topic A3. Slide 19 of 26
Global carbon store in tropical peatland
Topic A3. Slide 20 of 26
Peatlands in Southeast Asia
Source:
Source: IFCA (2007)
Topic A3. Slide 21 of 26
Land-use change
 The area projected to double
again in the next 10 years
 Indonesia’s revenue from
palm oil is > $16 B/y
Source: Murdiyarso et al. PNAS (2010)
Topic A3. Slide 22 of 26
Ecosystem based approaches for adaptation to
climate change

The Technical Workshop was held in Dar es Salaam on 21-23 March 2013

EBA approach was adopted and supported by information compiled in
FCCC/SBSTA/2011/INF.8

Wetlands are identified among the vulnerable ecosystems that require more
attention:
• Capacity building through trainings
• Public awareness through improved communication
• Good understanding of ecosystem services
• Promoting policy (changes) and measures for EBA
Topic A3. Slide 23 of 26
Peatlands ecosystem services for
adaptation to climate change

ES provided by peatlands ecosystem:
•
provisioning (food, fuel, fiber/wood)
•
supporting (primary production of terrestrial and
aquatic forms of lives, nutrient accumulation)
•
regulating (climate, fresh water cycles, pollution
control)
•

cultural (aesthetic, recreational, educational, spiritual)
Used by the community to adapt with the changing
climate
Topic A3. Slide 24 of 26
Summary
 Tropical wetlands are key ecosystems for climate
change adaptation and mitigation
 Projects may be developed to mitigate climate
change but could be more strategic if synergized
with adaptation objectives
 South and Southeast Asia offer a significant
opportunity for climate change adaptation and
mitigation through wetland ecosystems
 Data and information generated by scientific
bodies is sufficient to support policy measures
 Scientific data will contribute to contribute to the
National GHG Inventories
Topic A3. Slide 25 of 26
References
Alongi DM. 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and 446 responses to global climate
change. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76:1–13.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO For. Pap. 153:89.
Hooijer A, Silvius M, Wösten H, and Page S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained
peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943.
IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories : Wetlands Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:
Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC.
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, and Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of mangroves and emissions associated with
conversion (Ecological Applications In Press). http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0640.1
MoFor. 2008. IFCA 2007 Consolidation Report : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in
Indonesia. Indonesia: FORDA
Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc'h K, and Verchot LV. 2010. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in
tropical peatlands. PNAS 107 (46):19655–19660.
Page SE, Rieley JO, Topher C, and Banks J. 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon
pool. Global Change Biology 17:798–818.
Rahman AF, Dragoni D, and El-Masri B. 2011. Response of the Sundarbans coastline to sea level rise and
decreased sediment flow: A remote sensing assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 115:3121–
3128.
Yu Z, Loisel J, Brosseau DP, Beilman DW, Hunt SJ. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum.
Geophysical Research Letters 37 (L13402). doi:10.1029/2010GL043584.
Thank you
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the
Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this file
Murdiyarso M and Kauffman B. 2015. Tropical wetlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation [PowerPoint presentation]. In:
SWAMP toolbox: Theme A section A3 Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo credit
Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Faizal Parish/GEC, Neil Palmer/CIFOR,Ryan Woo/CIFOR, Rupesh/CIFOR, Sigit Deni Sasmito/CIFOR, Yayan
Indriatmoko/CIFOR.