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Transcript
What is Sociology The word “Sociology” has been derived from the Latin word “Socius” means “Companion” and Greek word “Logos” means “Study”. Auguste Comte was the first who opined that social life can be studied scientifically he named this systematic study as “Social Physics”. Later on, he used the term “Sociology” in 1838. So, Sociology is a social science which involves the study of the social lives of people, groups, and societies. Nature, Scope and Subject Matter of Sociology Sociology is an Independent Science Sociology is the social science and not a physical science Sociology is the categorical and not a normative discipline Sociology is the relatively an abstract science and not concrete science Sociology is the general science not a special science Sociology is both rational and an empirical science Scope In the field of knowledge In the field of profession Scope in the field of knowledge Society is the web of social institutions which are interconnected and interrelated with each other. The primary concern of sociologists is to build up knowledge about the society and social interaction both at micro as well as macro level. Furthermore, patterns of social conformity and social disturbance are investigated in order to analyze the society while applying different sociological perspectives. Following are the academic fields of sociology Industrial sociology Criminology Rural & Urban sociology Sociology of religion Sociology of family Political sociology Medical sociology Social psychology Sociology of education…. Scope in the field of profession As for as scope of sociology in the field of different professions is concerned, it is viewed in the following domains: Teaching Research Administration Subject Matter of Sociology The main concern of sociology is sociological analysis. It has given sufficient attention to the study of primary units of social life i.e. social acts, social relationships, individual personality and socialization, groups of all varieties, communities, associations, organization and population. It also studies the development, structure and function of a wide variety of basic social institutions such as the family and kinship, religion and property, economic, political, legal, educational and recreational institutions Sociologists are concerned with the task of formulating concepts, propositions and theories. Contemporary sociology has tended to become more rational and empirical rather than philosophical and idealistic. Definitions of Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of society. (Auguste Comte) Sociology is the study of social facts through social institutions. (Emile Durkheim) The science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects. (Max Weber) Development of Sociology Following three factors/conditions were of the utmost significance in the development of sociology. Political revolutions Industrial revolution and the rise of Capitalism Urbanization Political Revolutions French revolution of 1789 paved the way for a series of other political revolutions in western part of Europe. These revolutions affected the society both positively as well as negatively. Among the negative effects chaos and disorder was of utmost concern before the social thinkers. The social thinkers were divided with regard to the solution to the said problems. Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism The second factor which contributed significantly in the development of Sociology was Industrial Revolution. This transformed the Western World from a largely agricultural to an overwhelmingly industrial system. A large number of people left farms and agricultural work for the industrial occupations. Large economic bureaucracy arose to provide the many services needed by industry and the emerging capitalist system. Within this system, a few profited greatly while the majority worked long hours for low wages and a reaction to this led them toward labor unions and radical movements against capitalism. Urbanization Mainly due to industrial revolution, large number of people in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were uprooted from their rural homes to urban settings. Resultantly, the cities were expanded which caused problems of overcrowding, pollution and noise, traffic and so forth. The nature of urban life and its problems attracted the attention of many early sociologists, especially Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and George Simmel. Thank You