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World History
Name ______________________________
Date ___________________ Pd ________
The Islamic Empire
I. The Islamic Empire
A. Islam After Muhammad-the Rightly Guided Caliphs
1. When Muhammad ____________ in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a _______________
(“successor”)
2. The first 4 caliphs all ________ Muhammad & promised to stay true to the ___________ & Muhammad’s message
3. The ____________________________ was Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, Abu Bakr:
a. His goal was to keep Muslims ________________ under his gov’t (“__________________________”)
b. His used ________________________ to control & _____________________________ the Muslim empire
c. Jihad means ‘striving’ and can refer to the inner struggle against evil. However, the word is also used in the Qur’an to mean
an ________________________________________ against unbelievers
4. Shortly after Muhammad’s death:
a. Some tribes _________________ Islam, others _______________ to pay taxes, and a few declared themselves prophets
b. To save Islam & keep his caliphate united he invoked ____________.
i. For the next 2 years, he used jihad to encourage and justify the ____________________ of Islam.
5. The empire expanded under the next caliphs
a. During the four ________________________________________________ Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded
“______________________________________” (the areas where Islam is practiced)
b. The caliphs used the ____________________________ (___________________ of Islam) to govern the empire
c. Muslims of the day saw their victories as a sign of Allah’s _______________________.
d. Tactically speaking, victories were accomplished because:
i.
Muslim armies were well __________________ and _____________________ commanded
ii.
and the Byzantine & Sassanid empires were ____________________ because they had been in a long period of
conflict
6. The Islamic Empire was religiously ____________________ as long as ____________ were paid to the empire.
a. Because the Qur’an ______________ forced conversion, the caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially
“People of the Book,” who were Jews and Christians.
b. The Islamic Empire’s religious tolerance was another reason for their success because under Byzantine or Sassanid rule
people who did not support the official religion of Christianity or Zoroastrianism were __________________________.
7. However, some people will chose to convert to Islam.
a. Some people choose to convert to Islam to avoid the poll __________, and to hold ____________ ranking public offices.
Non-Muslim Restrictions
Non-Muslim Freedoms
–
Non-Muslims paid a poll tax each year in exchange for
being _______________ from military service.
–
Practice their___________ religion.
–
_________________ by the Islamic State.
–
Non-Muslims were not allowed to ______________
their religion.
–
They could be officials, scholars, and ________ level
bureaucrats.
B. Internal Conflict:
1. Despite their gains, the Muslim community had difficulty maintaining a ___________________ rule.
2.
In 656, Uthman (the third rightly guided caliph) was murdered, starting a _____________ war in which various groups
struggled for power.
3. Ali was the natural choice for a successor to Uthman. He was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law. He was married to
_________________, Muhammad’s daughter.
a. However, Ali’s right to rule was __________________________ by Muawiya, governor of Syria.
b. In 661, Ali, too was ______________________ & the elective system of choosing a caliph died with him.
C. The Umayyad Empire
1. After Ali’s death a ________________ war for control of the empire broke out:
a. The clan that came to ____________________ started the Umayyad Empire. The actions of the Umayyad Empire will
cause a _____________________ in the Muslim community
2. The Umayyads _______________________ the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts
a. The Umayyads moved the Muslim capital to _______________.
i. They abandoned the _______________ life of previous caliphs and began to surround themselves with
wealth and ceremony similar to _____________________ rulers.
ii. These actions, along with who should be the rightful leader, give rise to a fundamental _______________ in
the Muslim community.
2. The Sunni-Shi’a Split
a. Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s _____________________________
b. Shi’a Muslims
i. _________________ Muslims rejected the Umayyads
ii. The Shi’a believe that caliph must come directly from Muhammad’s _______________________________
c. Sunni Muslims
i. __________________ Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads
ii. The Sunni believe caliphs should follow Muhammad’s ____________________, but don’t have to be relatives
d. The ____________, another Islamic group, rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads. They pursued a life of poverty and
devotion to a spiritual path.
D. The Abbasid Empire
1. In 750, the Umayyad Empire was overthrown by the ________________________________
a. The Abbasids ruthlessly murdered the remaining members of the _______________ family, but one prince named Abd
al-Rahman escaped and fled to __________________; there he set up the Umayyad caliphate.
a. Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire _________________ to its greatest extent. They moved their capital to
___________________
2. The Abbasid caliphate built a strong gov’t ________________________________________ to rule their empire
a. Muslim merchants expanded wealth by _______________ across Africa, ___________________________, and
Mediterranean Sea. The new capital of Baghdad gave them access to key ______________ routes.
b. They developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs, including: a _______________ department,
__________ department, and _____________________ to handle foreign relations
3. To support this large bureaucracy the Abbasids ____________: land, imports, exports, non-Muslims, & wealth
4. The Abbasids failed to keep complete ___________________ control over their immense territory.
a. Independent Muslim _____________ sprang up, and local leaders dominated many smaller regions.
b. The _______________ caliphate was formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter
Fatima. This caliphate spread from North Africa to western Arabia & Syria.
c.
These smaller Muslim states were still connected to the Abbasid region through: religion, language, trade, & the
economy
E. Golden Age
A. Despite independent caliphates springing up under the Abbasid Empire trade still flourished. The __________________ ran
through the Islamic Empire and connected China, India, the Middle East, Europe & Africa.
B. To encourage the flow of trade, _______________ were set up in cities throughout the empire.
a. These banks offered letters of credit called ________________, to merchants
C. Cordoba:
a. During this period, Cordoba, where the Umayyad prince ___________________ fled, became a prosperous city.
b. It grew to a population of 200,000, and attracted poets, philosophers, and scientists.
D. In Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad, cultural blending and wealth from trade led to a _________________.
a. This was a time of great ____________________________________ in science, math, medicine, & architecture