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1.Get your Text books 2. Pre bell – Page 369, #1-3 -Write the questions and answers Chapter 12 Section 1 • Rise of the Roman Republic Rise of the Roman Republic • Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula Early days • Historians do not know exactly how Rome was founded, but the Romans have a legend about the city. • Legend says, Rome was founded by two twins, Romulus and Remus. • Their mother was a Latin Princess, and their father was Mars, the god of war. • The boys jealous uncle had them put in a basket and sent down the Tiber River. • A she wolf rescued the boys from the river, and a shepherd raised them. • Romulus and Remus once they were older, gathered a group of men to found a new city. • However, they could not agree on a name, so they got in a fight, and Romulus killed Remus. • Romulus named the new city Rome. • Historians do not believe the legend, but the story does show that the Romans believe that their city has a special connection to the gods. • First people settled Rome around 800 B.C. • Villages were built on top of seven hills over looking the Tiber River. • Over time, these villages formed a single town, and eventually a city. • Romans drained the swampy area between two of the hills, and this became the Forum. • The Forum was the center of Roman government, religion, and economy. Factors for success • City’s hills gave the Romans a natural defense from invaders • Had access to a nearby port • River moved too fast, so ships could not attack • Located on key trade routes Roman Kings • In early Roman days, kings ruled the city. • Kings served as head on the army, chief priest, and supreme judge. • Kings helped the city grow • Kings ruled with the consent of the senate, which was made up of older male aristocrats. • Over time, the aristocrats grew tired of the king. • Tarquin was the 7th king of Rome, and he was a cruel leader. Leading Romans overthrew him, and created a republic. • A republic is a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials • Romans borrowed from different Italian cultures • Before Rome formed, Greeks moved into southern Italy around 700 B.C. and brought their culture with them. • Romans would later come in contact with these people and this taught the Romans about Greek culture. • Greeks in Italy had a strong influence on Roman culture. • Romans identified their gods with Greek gods • Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes as their own. The Etruscans • Etruscans were the most powerful people in Italy when Rome was founded • Etruscans also had influence on Romans culture • Etruscans were advanced artist and builders, they also sailed around the Mediterranean as traders. Roman Expansion • Romans were feared conquerors • By the late 200s B.C., Rome ruled all of Italy Legions • Basic unit of army was the Legion • Legions had 4,500 to 5,000 heavily armed soldiers • Most of these soldiers were infantry or foot soldiers • Each legion was broke into a maniple, which was 60-160 soldiers • Romans adopted war innovations from other people – For example: The gladius or short sword from spain – Maniples were first used by the Samnites, who lived in mountains in central Italy Friends and allies • Rome gained power with help from allies • Romans often signed treaties with people they conquered • These treaties often required conquered people to send troops to fight with the Romans. • Eventually loyal allies were given Roman citizenship • Page 369 questions 4-9 • Write questions and answers Pre-bell *Do on the same sheet from last class! • Page 375 #1-3 • Write the questions and the answers Pride time!!! • Get a book and read silently Chapter 12 Section 2 The Government of the Republic • The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years Principles of the Roman Government • Roman government consisted of an aristocracy, democracy, and monarchy • The government was constructed by a constitution. • Unlike the United States, the Roman constitution was unwritten. • The main idea of Roman Government was Separation of powers. • Power is shared among different people with set roles. • After the last king was thrown out, Roman did not want to be ruled by a single ruler. – WHO WAS THE LAST KING OF ROME? Tarquin Latin name – Lucius Tarquinius Superbus How did Romans limit officials power? • Romans elected two men for the same position • The two men were called consuls • Consuls could veto each other • Romans only allowed men to be in office for one year • Government was split into three branches – Assemblies – Senate – Magistrates • Each Branch had its own power, and was balanced against the other branches • One branch could not hold all the power • Most of the time however, the Senate was the most powerful branch. • Rule of law means that the law applies to everyone Roman Citizens • Free Roman men were citizens • Women and slaves were not citizens, and had no role in government. • The toga was the symbol of Roman Citizenship • Any adult male citizen had the right to vote • Male citizens also had the responsibility to serve in the army if he could afford his own armor. • Citizens were divided into two groups • Patricians- members of the oldest families – Wealthy – Controlled most government offices – The minority group • The second group was the Plebeians – Were the majority – Did not come from old Roman families – Common farmers or artisans – Some were wealthy Assemblies and Senate • All adult male citizens participated in assemblies • Officials were elected, and laws were passed at assemblies • The senate was made up of the wealthiest and best known Roman men • The senate advised the assemblies on decision Magistrates • Magistrates were wealthy men • Ancestors had to have held office to get this position • Magistrates enforce laws, and were like monarchs Other positions • Tribune was the office that protected the interest of the plebeians • Praetors judged cases, managed the city of Rome, and led armies in times of war • Consuls were top officials, & their most important job was to lead the army, and also presided over the senate and assemblies • Dictators were elected only in times of emergency, and this person would hold complete power, but only for a limited time. • He served for a maximum of six months • Questions 4-9 on page 375 • Write the questions and the answers Bell Work 10-30-2014 • Page 383 - # 3-5 • Write the questions and answers Chapter 12 Section 4 The Republic’s and Crisis • 10-30-2014 The Struggle is Real • Rome fought in a series of three wars known as the Punic Wars Hannibal • Hannibal was Carthage’s most successful general