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SCIENCE 9 UNIT 2 MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE TOPIC 1 EXPLORING MATTER CHEMISTRY- the study of the properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes. CAUSTIC- a material that burns, corrodes, or destroys organic tissue THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER - All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles - Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles of other pure substances - Particles attract each other - Particles are always moving - Particles at a higher temperature move faster on average than particles at a lower temperature HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE- a mixture in which particles are uniformly scattered; has a uniform composition HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE- a mixture in which the particles are not uniformly scattered; does not have a uniform composition TOPIC 2 CHANGES IN MATTER PHYSICAL CHANGE- change in form but not in chemical composition; no new substances are formed CHEMICAL CHANGE- a change in which one or more new chemical substances are formed TOPIC 3 WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS- in a chemical change, the total mass of the new substances is always the same as the total mass of the original substances THE LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITON- compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in fixed (or definite) proportions ELECTROLYSIS- the process of decomposing a chemical compound by passing an electric current through it ELEMENT- is a pure substance made up of one type of particle, or atom. Eache element has its own distinct properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by means of a chemical change. COMPOUNDS- are pure substances that are made up of two or more elements chemically combined together. Compounds can be broken down into elements again by chemical means DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY - All matter is made up of small particles called atoms - Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles - All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. Atoms of one element are different in mass and size from the atoms of other elements - Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite proportions ELECTRONS- negatively charged particles ATOMIC NUCLEUS- the centre of the atom; contains the protons and neutrons PROTON- positively charged particle found inside the atomic nucleus NEUTRONS- uncharged particles in the atomic nucleus TOPIC 4 CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS ELEMENT SYMBOLS- one or more letters used to represent the name of a substance (e.g., O is the symbol for oxygen) CHEMICAL FAMILY- a group of related elements that have similar properties TOPIC 5 THE PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC MASS- the average mass of an atom of an element ATOMIC NUMBER- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom TOPIC 6 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IONIC COMPOUND- formed when atoms transfer electrons to or from other atoms MOLECULAR COMPOUND- formed when atoms share electrons CHEMICAL FORMULA- a formula that shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule MOLECULE- smallest indepe3ndent unit of a pure substance, generally a cluster of atoms joined together DIATOMIC MOLECULES- molecules made of two atoms of the same element BINARY COMPOUND- compounds made of two elements ION- a particle or group of particles with a positive or negative charge CONDUCTIVITY- the ability of a substance to carry and electrical current TOPIC 7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMICAL REACTION- a process in which a substance is changed into one or more new substances REACTANTS- the substances that go into a chemical reaction PRODUCTS- the substances produced by a chemical reaction EXOTHERMIC REACTION- a chemical reaction in which heat energy is released to the surroundings ENDOTHERMIC REACTION- a chemical reaction in which heat energy is taken in from the surroundings TOPIC 8 REACTION RATE REACTION RATE- the measure of how fast a reaction occurs CATALYST- a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in a reaction ENZYME- a special protein molecule that regulates chemical reactions in living organisms INHIBITORS- substances that slow down or prevent chemical reactions CORROSION- a process whereby metals or stone are chemically degraded or broken down RUST- iron oxide, a product of the chemical reaction of iron, oxygen, and moisture GALVANIZATION- the process of protecting metals by coating them with a thin layer of zinc COMBUSTION- the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen; requires heat, oxygen and fuel