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Rome – How Long Were They Around? |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 800 600 400 200 11 BCE CE 200 400 600 When did the following things happen? - Founding of Rome - Beginning of Republic - Punic Wars - Beginning of Empire - Fall of western Rome - Fall of Constantinople 800 1000 1200 1400 - Persian Wars - Alexander the Great conquers Persia - Renaissance - Columbus discovers America 1600 Rome – How Long Were They Around? |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 800 600 400 200 11 BCE CE Roman Republic lasted 478 years - Rome lasted 1229 years in the west - Rome lasted 2206 years altogether! - from Classical or Ancient Period to Modern times!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Why did Rome last so long? Geography - excellent location for expansion - protection from sea & land invasions - able to move on both land & sea - Mare Nostrum Military - land ownership all citizens requires to serve -organization – legions -flexibility – maniples - adaptability - system of roads Why did Rome last so long? Government The different magistrates - tri-partite - Censors (5 for 18 months) – - Magistrates – a sort of take census (duh!) and keep executive branch track of net worth - Consul (2) – head of state - Tribunes (10) – represent & army interest of Plebeians - Praetors (8) – Chief - two social classes Patricians Judges & key (nobility) and Plebeians Administrators (commoners) - Questors (20) – Money - veto power – I forbid! people - Dictator – 6 months with - Aediles (2) - games absolute power for times of emergencies - all magistrates elected for 1 year terms and expected to not run for re-election for 10 years Why did Rome last so long? The Assemblies (3) – kind of legislative branch -suppose to pass laws & elect magistrates - Curiate - Tribal - Centuriate Senate – most powerful of the 3 branches - 300 aristocrats (patricians) for life - controlled treasury - made foreign policy – appointed foreign governors & bureaucrats - advised magistrates & assemblies Why did Rome last so long? Roman Values - Religious - Pontifex Maximus - Vestal Virgins - bring Rome good fortune - uphold traditional customs Family - Paterfamilias - head of family - metaphor for head of state - strict discipline - loyalty - teach values Why did Rome last so long? Social Values - Cincinnatus - duty - Regulus - state is more important than individual - principle of giving your word "With one hand he returns the fasces, a symbol of power as appointed dictator of Rome. His other hand holds the plow, as he resumes the life of a citizen and farmer.“ Patriotism!! Early Roman History - mythical founding by Romulus and Remus – 753 BCE - 753 – 509 – Time of Kings - ruled by Latin tribes & later Etruscans - most famous Etruscan king Tarquin the Proud - overthrown in 509 - Etruscans - excellent engineers - organized military - triumph parade - fasces Early Roman History The Republic 494 – plebeians rebel against patricians – The Struggle of the Orders - plebeians threatened to leave Rome and start own city - patricians gave rights to plebeians – tribune (representation), assembly 450 – Twelve Tables passed – laws of Rome were written for all 450 – 270 BCE – Conquest of Italy - Pyrrhic Wars - Italians allowed to keep some rights - supply soldiers for wars & accept Senate foreign policies - the hiccup Gallic invasion of 390 Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Wars with Carthage for control of w. Med. Sea – first oversea wars -Former Phoenician colony – commercial & naval power - First Punic War (264-246 BCE) – over control of Sicily -to win, Rome needed to become a naval power - built fleet and created naval innovations turned naval battles into land battles on sea - won Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica first overseas possessions! Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Second Punic Wars (218-202 BCE) The Story of Hannibal Rome’s greatest scourge! -looks to recover what Carthage lost - great general - invades Italy through Spain & Alps Battle of Cannae – 216 -worst defeat for Rome since Gallic invasion – 70,000 soldiers killed, including 80 senators - every family lost a member! Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Fabius Maximus appointed dictator Fabian Strategy – avoid direct confrontation - Romans hated it not manly - effective in keeping most Italians from turning to Hannibal – turns to “scorch earth policy” ↓ Publius Scipio Africanus Scipio invades Africa forcing Hannibal to leave Italy Battle of Zama – Scipio defeats Hannibal to end Second Punic War Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Terms of end of war - Rome gets Spain & all islands between Africa & Italy - huge annual tribute payable for 50 years - Rome determines all foreign policies - Masters of the western Mediterranean Third Punic War 149-146 BCE Rome destroys Carthage “Carthago delenda est” – Cato the Elder -turns military against Macedonia & Greece - controls eastern Mediterranean – Mare Nostrum The Roman Republic – After the Punic Wars (and the Macedonian Wars The Good News!! • Rome controlled the Mediterranean – Yay!! • Lots of a new territory for her to exploit – Yay!! • Many slaves pouring into Rome to do the work – Yay!! Now the Bad News • Slaves – Rome was turning from labor economy to slave economy • What is the issue?? Hannibal had destroyed the countryside Returning veterans sell land Soldiers cannot be part of military! Wealthy controls the land – latifundia (large plantations) Former soldiers go to Rome looking for work but instead join large unemployed group! The Real Aftermath of Punic Wars • Large population of unemployed, restless mass in Rome • Small group of wealthy Romans controlling most land in growing empire • Issues? The Gracchi Brothers Both are plebeians & grandsons of Scipio Africanus Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BCE) • elected tribune in 133 • proposed land reform limiting Romans to owning no more than 500 acres – redistribute rest • claimed it was fairer and would reduce slave revolt and restlessness • opposed by Senate – bypassed Senate & went to Tribal Assembly • needed to run for re-election as tribune • considered treasonous - murdered in the Forum by a mob Senate had hired the mob Gaius Gracchus (159-121 BCE) • elected tribune in 123 • more successful in progressive measures by enlisting support of middle class • passed some land reforms • public works projects • “Bread & Circus” • Re-elected tribune in 122 • tried to give citizenship to Italians and run again in 121 • accused of trying to become king • after failing to win re-election, his supporters rioted in the streets • Consul (Opimius) ordered soldiers to kill rioters • Gaius commits suicide Results • Senate repeals land reform • resorts to violence • birth of political parties – optimates & populares The Rise of Gaius Marius (157-86) Born of modest background but grew wealthy through shrewd business dealings Gained prestige by marrying into a prominent family who was losing their wealth - Julii Rome faced 2 threats in 107 BCE – Cimbri/Teutones in north & Numidians (Jugurtha) in Africa • problems – continuing unrest & lack of soldiers • to solve problems required several years and he had to stand for re-election • Standing for re-election without waiting for 10 years breaks precedent – wins election to Consul in 107, 104-100 & a 7th term in 86 • Also reforms military • Waives property requirement for military service • Promises land for service • Introduces innovations to weapons • Trains a professional army MAKES ARMY LOYAL TO GENERAL!!!!! • Defeats both the nomadic people in north and the Numidians in Africa by 102 The Rise of Lucius Cornelius Sulla 138-78 BCE • Patrician birth but lived younger days as poor man • Resented those from plebeian class surpassing patricians socioeconomically • Would acquire wealth and attain status as Senator • Becomes questor in Marius’ army – one responsible for the capture of Jugurtha • Quells violence of Social Wars (91-88) • grants citizenship to Italians Civil War Marius v. Sulla Problems in the East • King Mithridates of Pontus incites rebellion against Rome in Anatolia and Greece in 88 • Sulla elected Consul and Senate appoints him to command army to defeat Mithridates • Tribal Assembly appoints Marius – Sulla’s army rejects Assembly appointment • Sulla marches on Rome in 87 – breaks precedent – no General may enter Rome at the head of his army • Marius flees Rome to Africa • Sulla takes control of Rome • places death sentence on Marius • kills Marian supporters • returns to Greece to continue war • Marius returns to Rome in 86 and wins 7th Consulship • Dies shortly after • Sulla forced to return again and become dictator in 83 for life • Kills political enemies and takes propertyproscription • Weakens all political institutions, except Senate • Retires in 79 • Never defeated Mithridates So What’s Next???? Oh Yeah – SPARTACUS!!!! The First Triumvirate (political alliance of three) Triumvir – one of three people sharing power After the political reforms of Sulla and slave rebellion led by Spartacus, Rome continues to experience political turmoil • political divisions remain • unrest among landless and unemployed in Rome • pressures on foreign policy with rebellions and pirates • commerce hurt Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BCE) • Wealthiest of the triumvirs • Defeated Spartacus 70 BCE • Elected Consul • Always longed for military glory • Given control of Syria in 55 BCE • Decides to conquer Parthia • Defeated at Battle of Carrhae (in modern-day Turkey) and killed in battle – loses head and hands Least important member of the First Triumvirate Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BCE) aka Pompey the Great • Politically pragmatic • War hero (excellent general) Credited with defeating Mithridates Drove out the pirates from Mediterranean Defeated last Marian supporters in Spain • Formed alliance with Julius Caesar with marriage to his daughter Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) • Well-respected family • Nephew of Gaius Marius Left Rome during Sulla’s reign to avoid proscription • Returns to Rome after Sulla’s death and securing the kingdom of Bithynia • Becomes popular with common people – lives in lower class slums of Rome • Becomes client of Crassus – gets funds to rise up politically • Offers charisma to First Triumvirate • Unpopular with Senate • Wins Consulship in 59 • Needing money to repay debts, decides to go to Gaul after Consulship Rome’s Second Civil War – Caesar v. Pompey Senate hoped Caesar’s popularity would wane while campaigning in Gaul • THEY ARE WRONG! – becomes even more popular with publication of Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War • Caesar takes 10 years to control all of Gaul - Consequence of Caesar’s conquest spread of Roman culture/civilization into Gaul (France) • Senate spread rumors about Caesar’s motivation in Gaul • Convince Pompey that Caesar plans to take over all of Rome With Crassus dead and Pompey’s wife (Caesar’s daughter) dying in childbirth, Pompey believes Senate • Pompey sends message to Caesar to return to Rome without his legions to stand trial for corruption • Caesar gets message at banks of Rubicon River in 49 • Realizes crossing Rubicon with legions means civil war; crossing without legions means certain death • “Let the die fly!” – Crosses with his legion! • Many northern legions join Caesar • Pompey and Senate flee to Greece • Caesar pursues Pompey & Senate to Pharsalus in 48 • Caesar defeats Pompey and the Senate at Pharsalus • Pompey flees to Egypt where he is murdered by Ptolemy’s advisers • Caesar goes east to defeat remaining rebellious senators and Egypt to assess what to do about Pompey’s murderers – meets Cleopatra and forms alliance with her • “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I Came, I Saw, I Conquered Rome under Julius Caesar • Caesar realizes old republic is dead • “The Republic is merely a name, without form or substance.” • Believed only benevolent dictatorship could save Rome from continued civil war and collapse • Assumed title of “Dictator for the administration of public affairs” – needed to address issues of last 100 years • Reforms of Caesar Granted citizenship to the Gauls and other non-Italian Packed Senate with many supporters (both Italian & nonItalians) Increased size of Senate to 900 – now a more representative body Reduced its power to advisory council to rubberstamp his policies Gave his loyal soldiers public lands Reduced the Bread & Circus by decreeing that all estates must employ 1/3 of its labor force (only 2/3 slave) reduced public dole from more than 325,000 to 150,000 Inaugurated public works program (roads, bridges, aqueducts, etc) Established colonies outside of Italy – Corinth, Carthage Reduced public debts Most long lasting reform was the change of the calendar to 365¼ days will be used in Europe until 1582! Assassination of Julius Caesar - Ides of March (15th) - Liberators – led by Gaius Cassius & Marcus Brutus - killed in Senate - warned of attempt on his life (“What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman’s dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out…” – Brutus) - “Et tu, Brute?” or “Kai su, teknon?” - liberators tried to cast themselves as freeing Rome - people reject hem - civil war – AGAIN!! Third Civil War Formation of Second Triumvirate – formal alliance - Mark Antony (Caesar’s co-consul & top officer - Lepidus (Pontifex Maximus & Master of the Horse) - Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son & nephew) - first order of business – kill the assassins accomplished at Philippi in Macedonia - second order of business – fight each other Lepidus gets sent away “O wretched Virtue, thou wert but a name, and yet I worshipped thee as real indeed; but now, it seems, thou were but fortune’s slave.” - Brutus Third Civil War Octavian v. Mark Antony - empire divided into 2 sections east & west - Octavian gets west & Antony gets east - Antony goes to Egypt and becomes involved with Cleopatra - Octavian turns public opinion against Antony exposes will giving territory to Cleo’s sons - Battle of Actium – 31 BCE - Octavian decisively defeats Antony - Antony & Cleo flee back to Egypt - commit suicide Augustus and the early Empire Octavian takes title Augustus revered one - privately acknowledges what his great uncle said – “The republic is merely a name, without form or substance” - publicly rejects trapping of king or dictator - never takes title of dictator and is seldom elected consul - gave himself same power as a tribune (introduce legislation in tribal assembly and veto legislation) Augustus and the early Empire - kept total control over army (imperator – derivation of modern term emperor) and provincial governments - took title of “princeps” – first citizen o annexed Egypt as province o extend border to Danube R. and Rhine R. o control most of Asia Minor and Syria Reforms include: - rebuilding temples and restoring priests to revive the practice of religion - stopping alarming growth of divorce and decline of family by outlawing adultery Augustus and the early Empire - disarming gangs by outlawing the carrying of daggers in public - creating paid bureaucracy to stop corruption of public officials that was rampant in the republic - establishing permanent standing army to be stationed in frontiers and attempted to keep them out of the reach of politicians in Rome - establishing colonies throughout empire to give land to war veterans Pax Romana – the Roman Peace a new period of optimism and stability lasting more than 200 years – 27 BCE to 180 CE - known as the Augustan Age or the Pax Romana - unprecedented unification of the ancient world from present-day England to the Middle East o longest period of relative peace ever experienced in the west o tremendous expansion of commerce & trade (despite reliance still on agrarian society) o tremendous achievements in law (ius civilis & common law), engineering (roads, aqueducts, bridges), architecture (Roman basilica, arch, building of the Colosseum), sculpture (realism), painting, literature (Ovid, Cicero, Virgil), history (Livy & Plutarch), science (Galen & Ptolemy), and philosophy (Seneca)