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Ancient Rome
Chapter 5
Beginning of Civilization
• Geography
– Small mountains, large fertile plains
• Settlement
– Latins on the seven hills
– Etruscans N. of Rome
– Rome was built on Etruscan learning
• Engineering, alphabet, architecture, and religion
Establishment of the Republic
• 509 B. C. end of Etruscan rule
• Establish a Republic
– People choose some of the officials
The Republic
• Original:
– Patricians + 2 consuls = Senate
– Patricians – members of the land-holding
upper class
– Consuls – elected to lead the Senate and
control the Army
• Serve one term, have to agree
– Dictator – Emergency general for 6 Months
• Cincinnatus – 15 days
Plebians want power
• Plebians – mass population
– Citizens with little political power
– Later elect tribunes with veto
• Laws of the Twelve Tables
• How are you affected by this government
set-up?
Assignment
• Create a Pie Graphic Organizer that gives
all of the information found in the Roman
Cursus Honorum found on Page152.
Include the position of Dictator in your
Organizer.
Roman Society
Family
Women
The family was the basic unit of
Roman society.
Women gained greater freedom
and influence over the centuries.
Male was head of household and
had absolute authority.
Some women ran businesses.
Most worked at home, raising
families.
Education
Both girls and boys learned to
read and write.
Education was highly valued.
Religion
Gods and goddesses resembled
those of Greeks.
Religious festivals inspired sense
of community.
Romans built many temples for
worship.
Roman Expansion
• By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the
Italian peninsula.
• Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful?
• Skilled diplomacy
• Loyal, well-trained army
– Army was organized into legions or groups of about
5000 men
• Treated defeated enemies fairly
– Let them keep their customs
• Gave rights to conquered people
Republic to Empire
• Punic Wars
– 1st Punic War
• Rome defeats Carthage and wins the islands of
Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
– 2nd Punic War
• Hannibal marches all around through the Pyrenees
and Alps and loses 1/3 of Army, but sweeps across
Italy
• Never captures Rome
• Rome outflanks by sending an army to Carthage
Punic Wars Continued
• 3rd Punic War
– Rome destroys Carthage
• Kill everyone
• Sell survivors into slavery
• Pour salt all over
“Supremacy and World
Domination.”
• Imperialism – establishing control over
foreign lands
• Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor
• Egypt allies with Rome
Domestic Rome
• New Wealthy Class
– Trade, conquest, taxes
• Latifundia – large estates bought by wealthy
families
– Slaves from war
• How does Slavery hurt parts of the economy?
– Small farmers, exports/imports, growing
unemployment, rich/poor, corruption
– Can these principles be tied to our economy today?
Attempts at Reform
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
– Plebian brothers
• Tiberius – elected Tribune in 133
– Distributed land to poor farmers
• Gaius – elected Tribune in 123
– Use of public funds to buy grain to feed the
poor
• Both brothers and their followers were
assassinated by members of the Senate
Decline of the Roman Republic
• Civil Wars
• Slave uprisings and revolts
• Legions turn into professional armies
Julius Caesar
• Military commander, Pompey was other
commander
• Completed the Roman takeover of Gaul
• Pompey persuades Senate
• Caesar defeats Pompey
• Senate names him Dictator
Reforms of Caesar
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Public works to help unemployment
Public land given to the poor
Citizenship extended to more people
Introduce new calendar
– Based on Egyptian calendar
– Our basic calendar today
• Stabbed by members of the Senate in 44
B.C.
Civil War
• Mark Antony + Octavian
– Chief General + Grandnephew
– Ally to hunt down murderers
– Fight for power
– Octavian is victorious over Antony/Cleopatra
Roman Empire
• Octavian named Augustus
– First citizen
– Named successor and had absolute power
Government of Augustus
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Kept the Senate
Created a Civil Service
Opened high level jobs to ALL that qualify
Use the census to create more fair taxes
– Census – population count
• Postal service
• Issued new coins
• Use jobless to build roads & temples, farming
Succession
• Chosen – some good, some bad
• Refer to the List
Pax Romana
• “Roman Peace”
• 200 yr from Augustus – Marcus Aurelius
• Stable rule of an area the size of the U.S.
Entertainment
• Circus Maximus – Chariot Race
• Gladiators – typically slaves
– Tame restless mobs
Roman Achievement
• Greco-Roman Culture
– Greek, Roman, & Hellenistic
• Poetry
– Virgil tried to show that Rome was as heroic
as Ancient Greece
• Satirize – to make fun of
Livy
• Historian and Philosopher
• Tried to establish patriotism and
traditionalism
• Was disappointed by the lack of heroism in
the history of Rome
Art
• Stresses Realism and Individualism
• Mosaic – picture made from chips of
colored stone or glass
Architecture
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Focused on grandeur
Rounded Dome
Pantheon
Columns
Examples around here?
Science and Math
• Engineering – use of math and science to
develop useful structures and machines
– Roads, bridges, harbors, aqueducts
– Aqueducts – bridge-like stone structures that
carried water from the hills into Roman cities
• Ptolemy – Earth is center of the Universe
Law
• “Rule of Law” – stability and peace
through accepted norms
• Influences on the U.S.
– Innocent until Proven Guilty
– Face accuser and offer defense
– Guilt beyond reasonable doubt through
evidence
– Judges interpret the law
– Penalties depend on social class
Early Religion in Rome
• Polytheistic, mystery religions, cults
• Religious tolerance
• Still had to acknowledge the divine spirit of
the Roman emperor and honoring the
ancient Roman Gods
Judea
• Roman controlled
• Jews excused from worshipping Roman
Gods
• Messiah – anointed king sent by God
• Jews try to rebel
– Rome puts down rebellion and destroys the
Jewish temple
– Later rebellions result in destruction of
Jerusalem
Christianity
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Knowledge of Jesus comes from bible
Jesus born about 4 B.C.
12 apostles – assistants of Jesus
Teachings
– Stemmed from Jewish traditions
– Took on the name Christians “followers of
Christ”
Paul
• Never met Jesus
• Was actually a persecutor of Christians
• Converted and spread Christianity to many
areas of the world
Christian Persecution
• Persecuted for not honoring the emperor
or Roman Gods
• Martyrs - Christians killed by persecution
Spread of Christianity
• Spread easily through Greek philosophy
and pagan traditions
– Method used throughout history
• 313 A.D. Constantine
– Issued the Edict of Milan
– All Roman citizens given freedom of religion
Church Heirarchy
• Pope/Patriarchs
– Bishop
• Priest
• Clergy – the group of people who conduct
Christian services
• Bishop – a high Church official responsible for
everyone in the diocese
• Patriarch – most important bishops
• Pope – Patriarchs in Rome
• Heresies - beliefs against the church
Fall of the Empire
• Politically
– Fighting for the throne
– 26 emperors in 50 years
• Only one died of natural causes
• Socially and Economically
– Heavy Taxes
– Unofficial Slavery
Diocletian
• Tried to restore power
• Divided empire into two
– He controlled the Rich Eastern Part
– Maximian was appointed to rule the Western Part
• Fixed prices to try to control inflation – rapid rise
in prices
• Farmers were required to stay on their land
• Sons in Father’s foot steps
Constantine
• Granted Religious toleration
• Established a new capital at Byzantium ->
Constantinople
Invasion
• Huns – from central Asia, migrate to Europe
– Overran the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and other Germanic
tribes
• Invasion causes Rome to give up Britain, France, and
Spain
• Rome is eventually overrun and sacked by the
Visigoths
• Attila attacks most of Europe
• Odoacer kicks the Roman emperor in the West out of
the Throne
– This marks the historical end of the Roman Empire
Why did Rome Fall?
• Military Attacks
– Invasions, military consisted of mercenaries
• Political Turmoil
– Lost support of the people b/c it was oppressive and
authoritarian
– Corruption of leaders
– Civil Wars
– Division of the Empire during a crucial period
• Economic Weakness
– Heavy taxes
– Reliance on Slaves reduced technological
innovation
Why did Rome Fall?
• Economic Weakness cont.
– Farmers abandoned land
– Middle class sank into poverty
– Population decline from warfare and disease
• Social Decay
– Loss of values (Patriotism, discipline, devotion
to duty)
– Upper class quit leading and started spending
Did Rome Fall?
• Why or Why not?