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Glycolysis ,Respiration and Fermentation Metabolism refers to biochemical processes that occur with any living organism to maintain life. These biochemical processes allow organisms to grow, reproduce, repair damage, and respond to the environment. Most people use the term "metabolism" incorrectly for either anabolism or catabolism. Anabolism is the building up of things - a succession of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller components, usually requiring energy in the process. Catabolism is the breaking down of things - a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, and in most cases releasing energy in the process. Anabolic steroids Catabolic steroids; AKA corticosteroids Nasonex to treat allegires. Glycolysis and “Krebs” Cylce •Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. •All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The process occurs in two phases: 1) glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid 2) the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to H2O + CO2 In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. Oxidation of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria. Cytosol vs Cytoplasm Cytosol: the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended. Cytoplasm; the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. Therefore, the cytosol technically does not include organelles. Glycolysis Anaerobic Aerobic • • • • Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose. It occurs in virtually all cells. In eukaryotes, it occurs in the cytosol. It converts a molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. • C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ -> 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH + 2H+ • The free energy stored in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid is somewhat less than that in the original glucose molecule. • Some of this difference is captured in 2 molecules of ATP. Glycolysis 1 PGAL 2 2 NAD -Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide • is a coenzyme found in all living cells. • The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. • One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively. PGAL Investment Pay off Respiration; the set of catabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Oxidation of food, e.g. glucose, to CO2 and H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2 Respiration is aerobic; O2 is needed http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide • is a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group, involved in several important reactions in metabolism. • FAD can exist in three (or four: flavinN(5)-oxide) different redox states, which are the quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. • FAD is converted between these states by accepting or donating electrons. GDP - Guanosine diphosphate GTP - Guanosine triphosphate GDP and GTP function much like ADP and ATP. (It has the role of being a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions. GTP stores more energy than GDP, just as ATP stores more energy than ADP). One GTP molecule is generated in the Krebs/citric acid cycle. This is almost the same as the generation of one molecule of ATP, since GTP is readily converted to ATP. Mitochondria structures 1. outer membrane that encloses the entire structure 2. inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix 3. between the two is the intermembrane space 4. the inner membrane is elaborately folded with shelflike cristae projecting into the matrix. 5. a small number (some 5–10) circular molecules of DNA Lysosome crista The Outer Membrane The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion. The inner membrane contains 5 complexes of integral membrane proteins: • NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) • succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) • cytochrome c reductase (Complex III; also known as the cytochrome b-c1 complex) • cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) • ATP synthase (Complex V) The Matrix The matrix contains a complex mixture of soluble enzymes that catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic molecules. Pyruvic acid is: • oxidized by NAD+ producing NADH + H+ • decarboxylated producing a molecule -of carbon dioxide (CO2) and -a 2-carbon fragment of acetate bound to coenzyme A forming acetyl-CoA Cool rappin’ videos abou’ da’ Glycolysis an’ Krebs, Mon. Glycolysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu9U KREBS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPCs5pn7UNI bOTh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMBIs_Iw0kE Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation takes place in the lack of oxygen (when the electron transport chain is unusable) and becomes the cell’s primary means of ATP production Used to make pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt, beer, wine. Alcohol Fermentation Step 1. Glycolysis Step 2. 2 Pyruvates broken down into 2 acetaldehyde molecules and yielding 2 CO2 Step 3. 2 acetaldehydes are reduced by NADH into 2 Ethyl alcohol molecules