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Knowing and Learning in STEM 1 Comparing Psychological Perspectives Narrative describing the perspective and its components (200-300 words): Provide a concise description of the perspective and its components. Behavioral Learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. They believe people’s behavior is influenced by feedback, praise and rewards. Behaviorists believe that there must be an observable and measureable change in behavior for learning to have occurred. They also believe that humans and animals learn in similar ways. They believe that people learn by example. They believe that behaviors can be unlearned and replaced by new behaviors. They are focused on observable and controllable behavior. Popular behaviorists include John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Thorndike. Cognitive The cognitive perspective focuses on what happens physiologically in the brain and body wen someone learns. They also focus on the development of the brain. They also look at the parts of the brain that are used when people think and interact with others. Cognitive views look at learning as a change in knowledge. It is more based on the change in knowledge over time. They are concerned with things going on in the brain like thinking, memory, and perception. This perspective includes classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive psychology is based on experimentation and science. Often cognitive theorists relate the human thought process to a computer in the way the brain receives, stores, interprets and outputs information. Famous cognitive theorists include Constructivism A theory that the learner constructs knowledge. What the learner already knows mixes with and determines what they will learn. Everyone learns a little bit differently based on what is already known by the learner. Humans construct knowledge and views on the world based on prior experiences. Long-term memory combines with new learning to create individual knowledge. Children assimilate and add new information to old schemas. Accommodation is creating whole new schemas based on the new information not fitting into an old schema. Constructivism is based upon assumptions about reality, knowledge, and learning. Reality is constructed through human activity and is would not exist without social interactions. Knowledge is a human product, socially and culturally constructed and Knowing and Learning in STEM Piaget, Vygotsky, Chomsky, and Bruner. Beliefs What is the general belief system guiding this perspective? What are the beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing? Principles What ideas are used to explain why events or objects exhibit what is observed. Limitations What are known or accepted limitations to the depth or scope of what can be explained by this perspective? They believe that the environment influences behavior and that there must be an observable change in behavior for learning to take place because these changes can be objectively measured. They believe that for learning to take place, the desired response must be rewarded. Cognitive theorists believe that humans have a way to input, process, store and output information and knowledge. Belief systems, value systems, thought processes, reason and intelligence are just a few of the things that make scientists believe we have control over our thoughts. Behaviorism is limited in Cognitive theory is limited in the way it underthe way it ignores biology estimates the complexity (like hormones), humanism, of human behavior. Many and behaviorism. Often the studies used animals, experiments can be which are hard to subjective the results cannot generalize to humans. always be objectively Behaviorism doesn’t measured. account for thoughts, 2 created through interactions with other humans and the environment. Learning is a social process and is only meaningful when learners are engaged in social activities. Constructivists believe that new knowledge is built on old knowledge and all knowledge is based on experiences. Students learn best when they create meaning from the teacher because new knowledge has to mixed with prior experience. Constructivism might be ignoring the studies that have shown that direct, guided learning has proved successful in the classroom and that too much freedom can be overwhelming. Learners might need a mix of discovery and guided Knowing and Learning in STEM feelings, etc. 3 learning.