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Chapter 25 Infinitives and Indirect Statement • An Infinitive is typically defined as a verbal noun because it allows one to make an action the subject or object of a sentence: • To err is human • Better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all • To be loved is the greatest gift. Present Infinitives (you’ve learned already) Present Perfect Future 2nd principal part ‘audire’ To hear 2nd principle part, change the final e to an i (3rd conjugation change ere to i) Audiri To be heard Perfect Infinitives Present Perfect 3rd principle part, - i, add isse 4th principal part + esse Audivisse To have heard Future Auditum esse To have been heard Future Infinitives Present Perfect Future Future active participle + esse Fourth principle part + iri VERY RARE Auditurus esse To be about to hear Auditum iri To be about to be heard You try! • Make the infinitives for habeo, habere, habui, habitum Present Habere To hold Haberi To be held Perfect Habuisse To have held Habitum esse To have been held Future Habiturum esse To be about to hold Habitum iri To be about to be held Functions of Infinitives 1. Complementary 2. Indirect Statement Complementary • We have already encountered complementary infinitives in our study of Latin. • Complementary infinitives act to complete the meaning of a verb: • Ad scholam currere possum. • I am able to run to school. • Oratorem in forō cernere non poteramus. • We weren’t able to understand the orator in the forum. Indirect Statement • Indirect Statement is best defined as “reported speech”. • It occurs when one person reports to another person what someone said without using a direct quotation. • In English, it involves the word “that”. Indirect Statement • Direct quote: • The teacher says, “You all are good students.” • Indirect statement: • The teacher says that you all are good students. Indirect Statement • English also extends the idea of Indirect Statement not only to verbs of speech but also verbs of thinking and feeling. • • • • She thought that it was a good idea. I heard that he said that! We think that it’s a bad move. The players saw that he was injured. • ANY TIME YOU SEE A VERB THAT HAPPENS IN YOUR HEAD- LOOK FOR INDIRECT STATEMENT!! Make these direct sentences into indirect 1. Brad says, “Julia seems to be enjoying herself.” 2. John thinks, “Anne is a beautiful girl.” 3. Mary feels, “It’s a bad idea.” • In Latin, Indirect Statement operates in much the same way except instead of the word “that”, it uses a construction called the accusativeinfinitive. • In the reported speech, the subject is in the accusative case and the verb is an infinitive. • INDIRECT STATEMENT= HEAD VERB + SUBJ. ACC + VERB INFINITIVE • Like with the Ablative Absolute, this is done to avoid confusion about which noun goes with which verb. Example • The teacher says that Julia is a good student. • Magister dicit Juliam bonam discipulam esse. Head verb= dicit Subject accusative= Juliam Verb in the infinitive= esse • The general says that soldiers love war. • Imperator dicit militēs bellum amāre. • The orator thinks words are beautiful. • Orator putat verba pulchra esse. • Marcus knows that he is a good student. • Marcus scit sē bonum discipulum esse. Sequence of Tenses • VERY important with IDS • Present= same time perfect= time before future = time after • Examples: 1. Putāvimus tuās sororēs litteram scribere. We thought that your sisters wrote the letter. (scribere is present tense so it happened at the same time as the ‘we thought’) 1. Dixit se litteram numquam scripsisse. He said that he had never written the letter. 1. Monstrābunt litteram ā servō scriptam esse They will show that the letter was written by the slave. Pluperfect Perfect Present Future Practice • The general says that soldiers love war. • Imperator dicit militēs bellum amāre. • The orator thinks words are beautiful. • Orator putat verba pulchra esse. • Marcus knows that he is a good student. • Marcus scit sē bonum discipulum esse.