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What’s the difference?
I.
“There is a quiz tomorrow.”
II.
Mr. Ellis said that there is a quiz tomorrow.
1. Which of these is a direct / indirect statement?
2. How would you characterize an Indirect
Statement?
When is a Statement Indirect?
Indirect Statement occurs when the speaker
or writer of a sentence reports what they
or another person said, saw, thought, or
perceived in any way--without directly
quoting that person said, saw, thought, or
perceived.
Examples in English:
1. I heard that they were not here.
2. Caesar said that the die had been cast.
3. The Romans perceived that the enemies
were at the gate.
4. They say that the are hungry.
5. Did you say that you will be prepared for the
test?
6. I feel that I’m hungry.
How to do this in Latin:
The verb of perception or saying conjugates just
like any verb.
The ‘subject’ or ‘doer’ of the action indirectly
being reported goes into the ACCUSATIVE
case.
The ‘verb’ or action being indirectly reported
becomes an INFINITIVE.
Why would the verb in the indirect
statement NOT be in the indicative
mood?
The Accusative-Infinitive
Construction:
Ex 1: Marcus said that his father was working.
Marcus dixit patrem laborare.
Note that patrem (the ‘subject of the indirect
statement) is in the Accusative case where as
‘working’ becomes an infinitive because it is the
reported action. “Dixit” declines because it is
the action of the sentence (or the main verb)
Verbs of Mind or Mouth (M & M)
1. audio
2. sentio
3. video
4. nosco
5. cognosco
6. dico
7. scio
8. puto
9. arbitror
10. intellego
11. nuntio
12. spero
13. nego
14. minor
15. polliceor
16. existimo
17. arbitror
18. oro
19. can(t)o
20. iuro
21. video (that)
How to translate the
Accusative/Infinitive in Indirect
Discourse
1. Trojanos pervenire audivit.
S/he heard that the Trojans were
arriving.
‘Trojanos’ is the Accusative SUBJECT of an
indirect statement. You should almost
always try to get a ‘THAT’ into your
translation of an indirect statement.
Infinitives (like participles) Express
Relative Time
Perfect Infinitives happened before the main verb.
Present Infinitives happen at the same time as
the main verb.
Future Infinitives happen subsequent the main
verb.
Infinitive Formation
Active
Perfect
Perfect Stem +
Present
2nd Principal
Part
Future
Future Act Partic +
-isse
esse
Passive
4th Princ Part +
esse
2nd PP minus ‘e’ or ‘ere’ (3rd conj) +
Rare: Fut Act Partic +
iri
i