Download Chapter 25 - Latin 507

Chapter 25
Infinitives and Indirect Statement
• An Infinitive is typically defined as a verbal
noun because it allows one to make an
action the subject or object of a sentence:
• To err is human
• Better to have loved and lost than never to
have loved at all
• To be loved is
the greatest gift.
Present Infinitives (you’ve learned
already)
Present
Perfect
Future
2nd principal part
‘audire’
To hear
2nd principle part, change the
final e to an i (3rd
conjugation change ere to i)
Audiri
To be heard
Perfect Infinitives
Present
Perfect
3rd principle part, - i, add isse 4th principal part + esse
Audivisse
To have heard
Future
Auditum esse
To have been heard
Future Infinitives
Present
Perfect
Future
Future active participle +
esse
Fourth principle part + iri
VERY RARE
Auditurus esse
To be about to hear
Auditum iri
To be about to be heard
You try!
• Make the infinitives for habeo, habere, habui,
habitum
Present
Habere
To hold
Haberi
To be held
Perfect
Habuisse
To have held
Habitum esse
To have been held
Future
Habiturum esse
To be about to hold
Habitum iri
To be about to be held
Functions of Infinitives
1. Complementary
2. Indirect Statement
Complementary
• We have already encountered complementary
infinitives in our study of Latin.
• Complementary infinitives act to complete the
meaning of a verb:
• Ad scholam currere possum.
• I am able to run to school.
• Oratorem in forō cernere non poteramus.
• We weren’t able to understand the orator in the forum.
Indirect Statement
• Indirect Statement is best defined as
“reported speech”.
• It occurs when one person reports to another
person what someone said without using a
direct quotation.
• In English, it involves the word “that”.
Indirect Statement
• Direct quote:
• The teacher says, “You all are good students.”
• Indirect statement:
• The teacher says that you all are good students.
Indirect Statement
• English also extends the idea of Indirect Statement
not only to verbs of speech but also verbs of
thinking and feeling.
•
•
•
•
She thought that it was a good idea.
I heard that he said that!
We think that it’s a bad move.
The players saw that he was injured.
• ANY TIME YOU SEE A VERB THAT HAPPENS IN YOUR
HEAD- LOOK FOR INDIRECT STATEMENT!!
Make these direct sentences into
indirect
1. Brad says, “Julia seems to be enjoying
herself.”
2. John thinks, “Anne is a beautiful girl.”
3. Mary feels, “It’s a bad idea.”
• In Latin, Indirect Statement operates in much the
same way except instead of the word “that”, it
uses a construction called the accusativeinfinitive.
• In the reported speech, the subject is in the
accusative case and the verb is an infinitive.
• INDIRECT STATEMENT= HEAD VERB + SUBJ. ACC +
VERB INFINITIVE
• Like with the Ablative Absolute, this is done to
avoid confusion about which noun goes with
which verb.
Example
• The teacher says that Julia is a good student.
• Magister dicit Juliam bonam discipulam esse.
Head verb= dicit
Subject accusative= Juliam
Verb in the infinitive= esse
• The general says that soldiers love war.
• Imperator dicit militēs bellum amāre.
• The orator thinks words are beautiful.
• Orator putat verba pulchra esse.
• Marcus knows that he is a good student.
• Marcus scit sē bonum discipulum esse.
Sequence of Tenses
• VERY important with IDS
• Present= same time perfect= time before
future = time after
• Examples:
1. Putāvimus tuās sororēs litteram scribere.
We thought that your sisters wrote the letter. (scribere is present tense so it
happened at the same time as the ‘we thought’)
1. Dixit se litteram numquam scripsisse.
He said that he had never written the letter.
1. Monstrābunt litteram ā servō scriptam esse
They will show that the letter was written by the slave.
Pluperfect
Perfect
Present
Future
Practice
• The general says that soldiers love war.
• Imperator dicit militēs bellum amāre.
• The orator thinks words are beautiful.
• Orator putat verba pulchra esse.
• Marcus knows that he is a good student.
• Marcus scit sē bonum discipulum esse.