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Evolution of Populations Scavenger Hunt 16-1 Genes and Variation (pages 393-396) Name ___________________________ Period _______ Darwin’s Ideas Revisited Darwin did not understand Heredity so he had no understanding of 1. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Gene Pools *What is a population? _______________________________________________________________________ *A gene pool typically contains ___________ or ____________ alleles for each inheritable trait. *The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur is known as ____________________ ________________________. Sources of Genetic Variation *The two main sources of genetic variation are ____________________ and ____________________ ____________________ that results from sexual reproduction. Single Gene and Polygenic Traits *The number of ___________________ produced for a given _____________ depends on how many _____________ control the trait. *______________ ____________ is an example of a single-gene trait because you either have it or you don’t. *______________ in humans is an example of a polygenic trait because there are many phenotypic variations. *A __________________ bell-like shape curve is a typical representation of polygenic traits. *A bell-shape curve is also called a _______________ _______________________. 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change (pages 397-402) *Natural selection determines which ____________ are passed from one ___________________ to the next. *This causes a change in the ______________ __________________ of alleles in a ______________________ over time. *Whenever an individual in a population _________ without _________________, its __________ are removed from the population. *But it an individual produces many ____________, the proportion of that individual’s ___________ in the gene pool will _____________. Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits *Natural selection on ____________- ____________ traits can lead to ______________ in allele frequencies and thus to ____________________. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits *Fitness of individuals ___________ to one another on the bell-curve is not very ______________________. *But fitness can __________ a great deal from one ________ of a curve to the ____________. *Where _____________ varies, _______________ ________________ can act. 1.Directional Selection *When individuals at one end of the cure have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or the other end it is called ___________________ _____________________. *This situation causes the __________ curve to move as the character ___________ changes. *An example of this would be the ___________ in the average size of ________ on Galápagos ____________. 2.Stabilizing Selection *When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve it is called __________________ _______________. *This situation keeps the ____________ of the curve at its ____________ position, but it ______________ the overall graph. *An example of this would be the _____________ _______________of human ____________. 3.Disruptive Selection *When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle it is called _________________ __________________. *If the pressure of ______________ ________________ is strong enough and lasts long enough, this situation can cause the _____________ curve to split into __________. *An example of this would be the disappearance of _______________ sized seeds, resulting in high fitness for birds with ____________ or ____________ beaks. Genetic Drift *In ___________ populations, individuals that carry a particular _____________ may leave more descendants than other __________________, just by chance. Over time, a series of ____________ occurrences of this type can cause an _____________ to become __________________ in a population. *A situation in which _____________ frequencies change as a result of the _________________ of a small subgroup of a __________________ is known as the _________________ __________________. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium *The ________________-_________________principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain ______________ unless one or more ____________ cause those frequencies to change. *The five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation are: 1.__________________________________________ 4._____________________________________ 2.__________________________________________ 5._____________________________________ 3.__________________________________________