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Chapters 9 - 11 DNA Protein Synthesis & Gene Technology DNA • DNA- deoxyribo nucleic acid – DNA is a genetic molecule that contains all of the instructions to create an organism • Structure of DNA: – Double helix “spiral ladder” – Discovered by James Watson Francis Crick & Nucleotides • Nucleotides are the basic subunits that make up DNA • Nucleotides consist of 3 molecules: a phosphate, a sugar, and a base Diagram: 5-carbon Sugar DNA Bases • There are 4 different DNA Bases: A: Adenine T: Thymine C: Cytosine G: Guanine DNA Base Pairs • DNA bases always pair in the same way A:T C:G - adenine pairs with thymine - cytosine pairs with guanine DNA Strand: A T G C G A - fill in the corresponding DNA bases Remember: A:T C:G T C A DNA Replication • DNA replication is the process of copying DNA • It occurs during S-phase of the cell cycle • Makes 2 exact copies of a cells DNA Steps in DNA Replication 1) The two original DNA strands separate - the DNA-helicase enzyme separates the two DNA strands Diagram: Steps in DNA Replication 2) DNA-polymerase enzyme forms two new DNA strands to match the original strand Diagram: Steps in DNA Replication 3) Two DNA molecules are formed that are identical to the original DNA molecule Diagram: DNA Mutations • Any change in the genetic code of an organism is a mutation • Mutations may have a small, large, or no effect on an organism Mutagens: - substances that can cause mutations Ex: toxic chemicals, UV radiation, nuclear radiation, extreme heat RNA • RNA – ribo nucleic acid 3 Types of RNA: rRNA - ribosomal RNA - used to make ribosomes tRNA - transfer RNA - used to make proteins mRNA - messenger RNA - used to send messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm RNA Bases • RNA uses Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T) RNA Base Pairs: A:U C:G AGU CAU GUG CAC UUA CAG AUC GCA Transcription • Transcription is used to make mRNA Steps: 1) RNA-polymerase enzyme binds to DNA 2) The two DNA strands unwind & separate 3) mRNA is made by RNA-polymerase based on the genetic code of the DNA Reading the Genetic Code Codons: a series of 3 nucleotides that code for an amino-acid - each codon is used to create an aminoacid RNA Codons Codon A U G C C A C A U U G A Translation • Translation forms proteins from RNA Steps: 1) Ribosomes bind to mRNA in cytoplasm 2) tRNA carrying amino-acids attaches to the mRNA 3) Amino-acids from the tRNA begin to form a chain(polypeptide) 4) When the ribosome reaches the end of the mRNA it detaches 5) The polypeptide chain is complete, forming a protein Translation Amino-Acids Ribosome tRNA mRNA Overview of Protein Synthesis DNA mRNA Transcription Protein Translation Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering is used to create organisms with specially designed genes & traits Recombinant DNA- pieces of DNA combined from 2 different organisms Gene Splicing Uses of Recombinant DNA • Insulin- make bacteria produce insulin for human use to treat diabetes • Resistance- can put recombinant DNA into plants to make them resist diseases • Vaccines- can use recombinant DNA in animals to produce immunity to diseases Cloning • Cloning is the production of organisms with identical genes END OF CHAPTER 9-11 NOTES!!!