Download Disease Eradication Programs

Disease Eradication Programs
Common Core / Next Generation
Science Standards Addressed.
 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.2 Determine the central ideas or
information of a primary or secondary source; provide an
accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the
key details and ideas.
 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple
sources of information presented in diverse formats and media
(e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to
address a question or solve a problem.
Agriculture, Food, and Natural
Resource Standards Addressed
 AS.07.01. Design programs to prevent animal diseases,
parasites and other disorders and ensure animal welfare.
 AS.07.01.04.a. Identify and summarize characteristics of
causal agents and vectors of diseases and disorders in
animals.
Bell Work!
 Why is brucellosis called Bang’s disease?
 What is a dead end host?
 How has the rabies control program reduced the number of
cases in humans?
Terms:
 Administered
 Clinical
 Diagnosis
 Eradication
 Interstate
 Mortality
 Nasal
 Quarantine
 Surveillance
 Transmission ( disease )
Disease Eradication
 Federal and state animal health regulatory
agencies work together on animal health
programs. Cooperation between these agencies
has led to the reduction of the following diseases.
Brucellosis
Tuberculosis
Anthrax
Rabies
Pseudorabies
Avian Influenza
Newcastle disease
Bovine Trichomoniasis
Brucellosis
 Brucellosis is a contagious disease in cattle
which results in abortions, delivery of
weakened calves and reduced milk
production.
 The disease is commonly called Bangs
disease after the Dutch scientist Bernhard
Bang who discovered the bacteria in 1897.
 Cattle are infected through the mouth, the
bacteria is located in the udder and
reproductive system of the cow. When an
infected cow gives birth or suffers and
abortion millions of bacteria are released.
 During hot weather the sun will kill brucella
abortus bacteria but in cold periods the
bacteria can live for quite a long time.
(months).
Brucellosis Cont.
 Cattle brucellosis only affects cow although bulls
and steers can carry the bacteria. Wildlife can
also carry the disease but are commonly referred
to as dead-end hosts as they seldom infect cattle
 Dogs and coyotes are also dead-end hosts but
spread the disease because they carry and drag
infected fetuses and after birth from one area to
another.
 The disease incubation period in cattle is very
erratic because it can last from a few days to
many months before infectious results take
place.
Brucellosis Cont.
 In New Mexico as with most states surveillance
does take place. Females sold at auction must
have blood drawn for brucellosis testing.
 Brucellosis bacteria may be found in milk but killed
by heat during the pasteurization process.
 Livestock sold by private treaty should have a test
performed by a local veterinarian.
 If a cow or heifer tests positive the herd of origin
will be tested. If infected cows are found the herd
will be quarantined and no animals will be allowed
to move from one location to another.
 During the quarantine, infected animals will be sent
to slaughter. The quarantine will be lifted if cattle
test clean twice, six months apart.
Brucellosis Cont.
 All female calves should be vaccinated between the
ages of four and eight months of age. Certainly
before the animal reaches sexual maturity.
 If bull calves are vaccinated they may become sterile.
 Swine may become infected, the treatment program
is much the same as the program in cattle.
Cattle Tuberculosis
 Cattle tuberculosis is infective in all warm blooded animals.
 The tuberculosis bacterium is transmissible in the air as
well as in water and feed.
 Human tuberculosis is generally caused by a different strain
of bacteria.
 Tuberculosis affects an animals lungs. Tumor like masses
form as a result of the animals body reacting to the
infective bacteria. The result of the disease is weight loss,
weakness, emaciation, nasal discharge and coughing.
 There is no cure for tuberculosis, infected animals are
destroyed. The tuberculosis eradication program has been
conducted in the US since 1917.
 A skin test similar to the human test can be conducted and
the lungs examined during slaughter.
Anthrax Control Programs
 Anthrax is a bacterial disease that
affects primarily humans and ruminant
animals.
 Anthrax germs are found in spores
common in soil. Spores will surface
during extremes in drought or wet
periods. Infection can occur by
swallowing the germs or through
infections of wounds.
 Very sudden death is the primary
symptom in otherwise healthy animals.
 Anthrax may be identified by blood
tests, carcasses of infected animals
should be burned to prevent spread of
the spores carrying the disease.
Rabies control programs.
 Rabies is an infectious viral disease causing
inflammation of the brain known as encephalitis.
 All warm blooded animals and humans are
susceptible to the disease.
 Domestic livestock and pets can contract rabies from
wild animals.
 The throat is paralyzed so the infected animal can’t
swallow causing saliva/drool to accumulate.
 Rabies is transmitted by saliva from the bites of
infected animals.
 Domestic dogs and cats must be vaccinated by a
licensed veterinarian.
Rabies Control Programs Cont.
 A pet suspected of being infected with rabies
must be quarantined for ten days. If the
animal dies during that period its head is
sent to the state health department for
testing. If the animal is healthy after ten
days it will be returned to its owner.
 Humans infected via bites may be treated
with a series of vaccinations.
Control of Pseudorabies
 Pseudorabies is a highly contagious disease that affects
swine.
 Pseudorabies is spread by direct contact from an infected
individual to another animal.
 Nasal discharge and saliva contain the virus.
 Up to sixty percent of young swine that contract the
disease may be lost.
 Pregnant sows that contract the disease will suffer from
abortions.
 Feral swine serve as host and should be kept away from
domestic animals.
Exotic Newcastle, PullorumTyphoid and Avian Influenza
control programs.
 Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are
infectious to chickens and turkeys.
 Both of these bacterial diseases are very
infectious and spread rapidly in day old
chicks.
 The NPIP (National Poultry Improvement
Program)is a voluntary state/federal
program that began in 1935 in an effort to
eliminate these two bacterial diseases.
 All hatching eggs and hatched birds must
originate from NPIP flocks.
Avian Influenza
 Avian influenza is caused by a virus and affect
many species of birds.
 There area two strains of Avian influenza.
 Low pathogenic avian influenza is found in the
US.
 High pathogenic avian influenza is considered a
foreign animal disease.
Avian Influenza
The natural reservoir for avian influenza is migratory waterfowl.
The virus is carried in the intestines of infected birds.
Susceptible birds that come into contact with saliva and feces will
become infected themselves.
The symptoms of infection are:
sudden death
poor appetite
decreased egg production
soft shelled deformed eggs
swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles and hocks
purple discoloration of the wattles, legs and comb
coughing
incoordination
Diarrhea
Controlling Avian Influenza
 Keep poultry house locked and the windows closed.
 Provide disease free clothing for workers.
 No visitors allowed!
 Do not visit other producers flocks.
 Disinfect all vehicles entering the farm premises.
 Clean and disinfect production facilities.
 Test sick birds.
High Pathogenic Avian Influenza
 There are strains of HPAI that affect
humans and can cause death of infected
individuals. This happens of rare
occasions.
 Facilities can be disinfected, complete
drying of facilities will help eradicate the
disease.
Exotic Newcastle Disease.
 Exotic Newcastle (END)disease affect all species of
birds and is highly contagious making it one of the
worst poultry diseases in the world.
 END is transmitted by direct bird to bird contact.
 The virus is found in excretions from the nose, mouth
and eyes as well as feces.
 Biosecurity measures are essential in controlling the
disease.
 The virus will survive in humid areas and on frozen
materials indefinitely.
 Exposure to sunlight and drying time will eliminate
the virus.
END Symptoms
 Infected birds often die before they exhibit symptoms
which include;
 Green, watery diarrhea
 Sneezing, coughing and gasping for air
 Muscle tremors, drooping twisted necks
 Paralysis
 Swelling of the tissues around the eyes and neck
Control of END
 Upon confirmation of END by a
veterinarian the entire flock should be
destroyed as rapidly as possible.
 Following disinfection, thirty days should
be allowed before birds are reintroduced
to the facilities.
Bovine Trichomoniasis Control.
 Bovine trichomoniasis is a veneraeal disease
affecting cattle.
 The disease has no outward symptoms the
best control measure is to simply prevent
exposure.
 “Trich” is transmitted sexually and not through
environmental exposure.
 Bulls become carriers after servicing infected
cows.
 The protozoa live in the female reproductive
tract and will be shed in 5-6 months if there
has been no sexual activity.
Prevention of “Trich.”
 To avoid a trichomoniasis infestation implement the
following practices.
 Maintain fences to avoid “visiting” bulls.
 Buy virgin bulls and heifers when possible.
 Use young bulls as older bulls serve as carriers.
 Test new stock prior to purchase.
 Consider AI if practical
 Try to isolate newly purchased breeding stock.
Vesicular Stomatitis Control Programs
 Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic viral
disease that affects cattle, horses and
swine.
 VS has been a problem in horses here in
New Mexico.
 VS may be transmitted by direct contact
or by fomites. Biting gnats and flies also
serve as a means of transmission.
 Infected animals will salivate excessively
due to the lesions that may form on the
tongue, lips and tongue.
 Lesions on the feet of pigs are also
common.
 The incubation for VS is 3-5 days after
exposure.
Prevention of Vesicular Stomatitis
 To protect animals from
vesicular stomatitis;
 Control flies and gnats
 Keep stalls clean
 Feed horses from individual
buckets
 Disinfect tools, trailers, trailer
tires and truck tires.
 Isolate and quarantine infected
animals for thirty days.
Control of West Nile Encephalitis
 West Nile encephalitis is a mosquito borne zoonotic
viral disease that causes inflammation of brain tissue.
 West Nile affects birds, horses and humans. West Nile
has been fatal for a number of people in New Mexico,
generally the very young or elderly.
 West Nile encephalitis was first identified in 1999 and
is now infecting animals in 48 states.
 Migrating birds that have been infected by mosquitos
spread the disease.
 Horses are very susceptible to West Nile Virus.
Clinical symptoms of West Nile Virus
 The incubation period for West Nile is 3 to
14 days. Two thirds of the infected horses
will recover. Common symptoms in horse
include;
Depression
Apprehension
Weakness of limbs
Muscle twitching
Partial Paralysis
Death
Prevention of West Nile Virus.
 The following guidelines will help protect people and horses
from the West Nile Virus.
 Remove standing water where mosquitos breed.
 Decrease exposure to mosquitos.
 Clean water troughs.
 Use mosquito repellent (humans and horses).
 Wear long sleeves and avoid shorts.
 Vaccinate horses.
The End!