Raw Milk: What the Scientific Literature Really Says
... alarmed. She takes a stool sample and alerts the health authorities so they can monitor the populace for an outbreak. The authorities run a news campaign suggesting a possible association between Salmonella and raw milk from a local farm, and reiterate to the public that “drinking raw milk is playin ...
... alarmed. She takes a stool sample and alerts the health authorities so they can monitor the populace for an outbreak. The authorities run a news campaign suggesting a possible association between Salmonella and raw milk from a local farm, and reiterate to the public that “drinking raw milk is playin ...
Multi-Patch and Multi-Group Epidemic Models: A New Framework
... spatial heterogeneity in epidemiology has been extensively explored in different settings. Continuum models of dispersal have been investigated through diffusion equations [32] whereas islands models have been dealt through metapopulation approach [2, 3, 4, 24, 25, 39, 40], defined here as continuou ...
... spatial heterogeneity in epidemiology has been extensively explored in different settings. Continuum models of dispersal have been investigated through diffusion equations [32] whereas islands models have been dealt through metapopulation approach [2, 3, 4, 24, 25, 39, 40], defined here as continuou ...
Epidemiology and Distribution of Plague
... warmer parts of the temperate latitudes around the globe between the parallels 55 degrees North and 40 degrees South. However, within these limits many areas are free of natural foci of plague, such as desert areas with few or no rodents and large areas of continuous forest, particularly in the trop ...
... warmer parts of the temperate latitudes around the globe between the parallels 55 degrees North and 40 degrees South. However, within these limits many areas are free of natural foci of plague, such as desert areas with few or no rodents and large areas of continuous forest, particularly in the trop ...
Pertussis outbreaks in the developed countries
... Although pertussis is a reportable disease in many countries of the world, very few research groups are found to be engaged with pertussis research in Asian and African continents. Furthermore, a clear picture of disease occurrence is needed to plan for booster and adult formulation of DTP vaccines ...
... Although pertussis is a reportable disease in many countries of the world, very few research groups are found to be engaged with pertussis research in Asian and African continents. Furthermore, a clear picture of disease occurrence is needed to plan for booster and adult formulation of DTP vaccines ...
- Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
... available alpha-proteobacteria, W. pipientis is more prominent and effective transmitter of intracellular symbiotic infections which known to infect more than 2/3 of global insect communities (Hilgenboecker et al., 2008) ranging from 20 76% (Tagami & Miura, 2004). Moreover, some species of class ins ...
... available alpha-proteobacteria, W. pipientis is more prominent and effective transmitter of intracellular symbiotic infections which known to infect more than 2/3 of global insect communities (Hilgenboecker et al., 2008) ranging from 20 76% (Tagami & Miura, 2004). Moreover, some species of class ins ...
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
... melioidosis each year.9 Melioidosis is also common in Malaysia10 and Singapore.11,12 Other countries in the region where melioidosis is recognized in humans and animals include China (especially Hong Kong), Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam, and Laos.13-17 Melioidosis is also likely to occur in Cambodia and t ...
... melioidosis each year.9 Melioidosis is also common in Malaysia10 and Singapore.11,12 Other countries in the region where melioidosis is recognized in humans and animals include China (especially Hong Kong), Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam, and Laos.13-17 Melioidosis is also likely to occur in Cambodia and t ...
Mosquito-Born Dengue Fever Threat Spreading in the
... finds that two types of mosquitoes capable of transmitting dengue fever can now be found across at least 28 states. As temperatures rise, the potential for transmission of this dangerous disease may increase in vulnerable parts of the United States. We already know inevitable climate change impacts ...
... finds that two types of mosquitoes capable of transmitting dengue fever can now be found across at least 28 states. As temperatures rise, the potential for transmission of this dangerous disease may increase in vulnerable parts of the United States. We already know inevitable climate change impacts ...
Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases
... role in microbiology but with limited experience and training. This has been gradually expanded and modified to suit the needs also of more experienced laboratory practitioners; researchers; medical, medical laboratory science and science students; and medical practitioners. The work is in four part ...
... role in microbiology but with limited experience and training. This has been gradually expanded and modified to suit the needs also of more experienced laboratory practitioners; researchers; medical, medical laboratory science and science students; and medical practitioners. The work is in four part ...
clostridium botulinum - World Health Organization
... clinical manifestations are similar to those seen in foodborne botulism. However, the incubation period is much longer as time is required for the incubation of spores, growth of clostridium and release of toxins (4 to 14 days). ...
... clinical manifestations are similar to those seen in foodborne botulism. However, the incubation period is much longer as time is required for the incubation of spores, growth of clostridium and release of toxins (4 to 14 days). ...
the textbook, Pathology of AIDS
... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown until the early 1980's but since then has infected millions of persons in a worldwide pandemic. The result of HIV infection is relentless destruction of the immune system leading to onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The AIDS pa ...
... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown until the early 1980's but since then has infected millions of persons in a worldwide pandemic. The result of HIV infection is relentless destruction of the immune system leading to onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The AIDS pa ...
Infant Pertussis
... study, a mother was the identified source-case for 32% of case-infants; an adolescent mother was identified as the source for 5% of case-infants (Table 4). Overall a slight majority (56%) of source-cases were adults. Adolescents and adults can become susceptible to B. pertussis infection because of ...
... study, a mother was the identified source-case for 32% of case-infants; an adolescent mother was identified as the source for 5% of case-infants (Table 4). Overall a slight majority (56%) of source-cases were adults. Adolescents and adults can become susceptible to B. pertussis infection because of ...
Superficial Fungal Infections. - Pediatrics Clerkship | The University
... Ectothrix infection (usually caused by Microsporum sp), by contrast, has arthroconidia on the outer surface of the hairs and fluoresces a brilliant green with a Wood lamp examination. Microsporum is the most common cause of tinea capitis in many parts of the world (Fig 1). Thus, a hand-held Wood lamp ...
... Ectothrix infection (usually caused by Microsporum sp), by contrast, has arthroconidia on the outer surface of the hairs and fluoresces a brilliant green with a Wood lamp examination. Microsporum is the most common cause of tinea capitis in many parts of the world (Fig 1). Thus, a hand-held Wood lamp ...
ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDHOOD: Clinical Characteristics
... presentation and long-term outcome. Another aim was to study biomarkers in CSF of children with TBE and to identify markers predicting the long-term outcome. Methods: We retrospectively studied the medical records of all children with acute encephalitis at Astrid Lindgren Children´s hospital in Stoc ...
... presentation and long-term outcome. Another aim was to study biomarkers in CSF of children with TBE and to identify markers predicting the long-term outcome. Methods: We retrospectively studied the medical records of all children with acute encephalitis at Astrid Lindgren Children´s hospital in Stoc ...
Infectivity in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of plasma collected
... rapid increase in serum RNA levels occurs (ramp-up) or intermittent low-level HCV RNA detection (previously referred to in HIV and SIV infections as “blip” viremia)8,9 that precedes ramp-up by varying intervals up to 2 months. Because HCV RNA levels are very low in this very early phase of infection ...
... rapid increase in serum RNA levels occurs (ramp-up) or intermittent low-level HCV RNA detection (previously referred to in HIV and SIV infections as “blip” viremia)8,9 that precedes ramp-up by varying intervals up to 2 months. Because HCV RNA levels are very low in this very early phase of infection ...
Green Book: Chapter
... disease is common in children. Jaundice may occur in 70–80% of those infected as adults. Fulminant hepatitis can occur but is rare. The overall case– fatality ratio is low but is greater in older patients and those with pre-existing liver disease. There is no chronic carrier state and chronic liver ...
... disease is common in children. Jaundice may occur in 70–80% of those infected as adults. Fulminant hepatitis can occur but is rare. The overall case– fatality ratio is low but is greater in older patients and those with pre-existing liver disease. There is no chronic carrier state and chronic liver ...
Clostridium difficile - Utrecht University Repository
... Because there might be an exchange between human and animal strains, it is possible that animals might act as a reservoir. For example, in calves in Canada human pathogen ribotypes O27 and O17 were found. Transmission between humans and animals might occur through direct contact or through the food ...
... Because there might be an exchange between human and animal strains, it is possible that animals might act as a reservoir. For example, in calves in Canada human pathogen ribotypes O27 and O17 were found. Transmission between humans and animals might occur through direct contact or through the food ...
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
... [PCR] and Hybrid Capture 2) will become HPV negative on the same tests within 6 to 24 months from first testing positive. • What is not known is whether this means that the virus is actually eliminated from the body or just suppressed to such a low number of HPVs (as in latency) that even these sens ...
... [PCR] and Hybrid Capture 2) will become HPV negative on the same tests within 6 to 24 months from first testing positive. • What is not known is whether this means that the virus is actually eliminated from the body or just suppressed to such a low number of HPVs (as in latency) that even these sens ...
What is the effect of dung beetles on gastrointestinal nematodes of
... of parasitic nematodes, and hence reduces the re-infection rate of stock. However the following quotes from Vlassoff et al (2001) sum up the issues raised by parasitologists in New Zealand: “results of studies in New Zealand and overseas have been variable; some beetles reduced larval numbers while ...
... of parasitic nematodes, and hence reduces the re-infection rate of stock. However the following quotes from Vlassoff et al (2001) sum up the issues raised by parasitologists in New Zealand: “results of studies in New Zealand and overseas have been variable; some beetles reduced larval numbers while ...
Hepatitis A Vaccine Recommendations
... the center.18,19 Foodborne hepatitis A transmission can occur from food that is contaminated during preparation by an infected food handler (foods not cooked after handling, such as salads and sandwiches) or during growing or processing (eg, produce), but this mode of transmission accounts for a rel ...
... the center.18,19 Foodborne hepatitis A transmission can occur from food that is contaminated during preparation by an infected food handler (foods not cooked after handling, such as salads and sandwiches) or during growing or processing (eg, produce), but this mode of transmission accounts for a rel ...
Quarantines and Distributive Justice
... concerns, moreover, are anything but fantastic. Infectious diseases, particularly in epidemic forms, commonly trigger retributive and discriminatory instincts, so that actual quarantines often impose inhumane, stigmatizing, or even penal treatment upon persons who are confined based on caprice or ev ...
... concerns, moreover, are anything but fantastic. Infectious diseases, particularly in epidemic forms, commonly trigger retributive and discriminatory instincts, so that actual quarantines often impose inhumane, stigmatizing, or even penal treatment upon persons who are confined based on caprice or ev ...
Trichinosis
Trichinosis, trichinellosis or trichiniasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the genus Trichinella. Several subspecies cause human disease, but T. spiralis is the most known. Infection may occur without symptoms, while intestinal invasion can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain or vomiting. Larval migration into muscle tissue (one week after being infected) can cause edema of the face or around the eyes, conjunctivitis, fever, muscle pains, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and peripheral eosinophilia. Life-threatening cases can result in myocarditis, central nervous system involvement, and pneumonitis. Larval encystment in the muscles causes pain and weakness, followed by slow progression of symptoms.Trichinosis is mainly caused by eating undercooked meat containing encysted larval Trichinella. In the stomach the larvae are exposed to stomach acid and pepsin which releases them from their cysts. They then start invading wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. Females are 2.2 mm in length; males 1.2 mm. The life span in the small intestine is about four weeks. After 1 week, the females release more larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles where they encyst. Diagnosis is usually made based on symptoms, and is confirmed by serology or by finding encysted or non-encysted larvae in biopsy or autopsy samples.The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. Using food thermometers can make sure the temperature inside the meat is high enough to kill the parasites. The meat should not be tasted until it is completely cooked. Once infection has been verified treatment with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole should be started at once. A fast response may help kill adult worms and thereby stop further release of larvae. Once the larvae have established in muscle cells, usually by 3 to 4 weeks after infection, treatment may not completely get rid of the infection or symptoms. Both drugs are considered safe but have been associated with side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Patients on longer courses should be monitored though regular blood counts to detect adverse effects quickly and then discontinue treatment. Both medicines should be treated with caution during pregnancy or children under the age of 2 years, but the WHO weighs the benefits of treatment higher than the risks. In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in severe cases.Trichinosis can be acquired by eating both domestic and wild animals, but is not soil-transmitted.