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LYSSAVIRUS SP. An introduction ORIGINS Caused by: Lyssavirus rabies or Australian bat lyssavirus Viral in nature Extremely wide host range: Grown in culture from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects Genus: Lyssavirus Family: Rhabdoviridae Classified by: enveloped, single stranded RNA genome with Negative-sense 99% of rabies cases worldwide are caused by dog bites. In North America, most cases are caused by infected bats. 95% of all human deaths occur in Asia and Africa, where vaccine and preventative measures are often unavailable. All Extant rabies viruses thought to have evolved within the last 1500 years Seven genotypes of rabies exist Genotype 1 is thought to have evolved in Europe and spread to Asia, Africa and the Americas through colonization Bat rabies in North America is thought have existed in 1281 CE TRANSMISSION Transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal or individual that comes in contact with infected saliva. Direct contact of saliva to mucous membranes can also cause infection On Average incubation is 1-3 months in human cases, though can be as little as less than one week to more than one year. Phases of infection: Initial: pain and fever, unusual tingling, prickling or burning sensation at the wound site Two Possibilities: Furious Rabies: hyperactivity, hydrophobia, (sometimes) aerophobia Paralytic Rabies: gradual paralyzation starting from wound site, coma LIFE CYCLE •Enters host cells through endosomal transport pathway, where low pH value starts membrane fusion. • Viral gene then reaches cytosol • Virus multiplies within the cell •Virus travels from the wound site to the brain • Expands to nerves and spinal cord •Large concentrations of virus aggregate in salivary glands & cheeks • To be further spread by projectile salivation •Fatality may occur from two days – five years past infection • Most infected mammals die within fourteen days FOAMING HYDROPHOBA – A RABIES BLOG http://www.foaminghydrophobia.wordpress.com SOURCES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) World Health Organization (WHO) , 2016 Mediccentre Factsheet, Rabies Virus McElhinney, L. M.; Marston, D. A.; Stankov, S; Tu, C.; Black, C.; Johnson, N.; Jiang, Y.; Tordo, N.; Müller, T.; Fooks, A. R. (2008). "Molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in Eurasia". Dev Biol (Basel). 131: 125–131 “Rabies". University of Northern British Columbia. Retrieved 2016. 08/20 CARTER John, SAUNDERS Venetia - Virology : Principles and Applications – Page:175 – 2007 – John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Finke S, Conzelmann KK (August 2005). "Replication strategies of rabies virus". Virus Res. 111 (2): 120–131