A critical review of the effect of heat, pH and water activity on the
... Antigenicity: the capacity to stimulate the production of antibodies or the capacity to react with an antibody. Capsid: the protein shell of a virus. Cryo-electron microscopy: a form of transmission electron microscopy (EM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures. CT value: concentrati ...
... Antigenicity: the capacity to stimulate the production of antibodies or the capacity to react with an antibody. Capsid: the protein shell of a virus. Cryo-electron microscopy: a form of transmission electron microscopy (EM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures. CT value: concentrati ...
Australian Immunisation Handbook, 8th Edition Part 3: Vaccines
... (i) Pre-exposure prophylaxis for Australian bat lyssavirus infection and rabies Rabies vaccine is effective and safe when used for pre-exposure prophylaxis for either ABL3 or rabies1 (level IV evidence). The rationale for pre-exposure prophylaxis is that: (i) vaccination may provide protection to pe ...
... (i) Pre-exposure prophylaxis for Australian bat lyssavirus infection and rabies Rabies vaccine is effective and safe when used for pre-exposure prophylaxis for either ABL3 or rabies1 (level IV evidence). The rationale for pre-exposure prophylaxis is that: (i) vaccination may provide protection to pe ...
Bluetongue: a review
... ruminants (Zientara et al., 2010). The worldwide economic losses due to bluetongue have not been expressed in exact numbers, but the estimate is 3 billion US$ a year (Tabachnick, 1996). The losses are both direct (death, abortions, weight loss or reduced milk yield and meat efficiency) and, what is ...
... ruminants (Zientara et al., 2010). The worldwide economic losses due to bluetongue have not been expressed in exact numbers, but the estimate is 3 billion US$ a year (Tabachnick, 1996). The losses are both direct (death, abortions, weight loss or reduced milk yield and meat efficiency) and, what is ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... better than the wild-type (WT) mallard virus in both IBDV-exposed and normal chickens. Interestingly, the P22 virus showed similar levels of replication in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of both groups, although it caused exacerbated signs of disease and severe lesions in the IBDV-pre-exposed ...
... better than the wild-type (WT) mallard virus in both IBDV-exposed and normal chickens. Interestingly, the P22 virus showed similar levels of replication in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of both groups, although it caused exacerbated signs of disease and severe lesions in the IBDV-pre-exposed ...
WHO Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures
... lifespan of mature red cells is shorter. Parvovirus B19 may be of greater concern in Africa where sickle-cell anaemia is relatively more common than in Europe, and it is possible that other agents (e.g. hepatitis E virus) would be significant in other geographical settings depending on their prevale ...
... lifespan of mature red cells is shorter. Parvovirus B19 may be of greater concern in Africa where sickle-cell anaemia is relatively more common than in Europe, and it is possible that other agents (e.g. hepatitis E virus) would be significant in other geographical settings depending on their prevale ...
A Bayesian approach for inferring the dynamics of partially observed space-time-genetic data
... (susceptible/exposed/infectious/removed) model of transmission to accommodate the complexities inherent to polyphyletic and partially sampled outbreak data containing space, time and genetic information. In addition, we infer the infected host population size over the study period and region by deve ...
... (susceptible/exposed/infectious/removed) model of transmission to accommodate the complexities inherent to polyphyletic and partially sampled outbreak data containing space, time and genetic information. In addition, we infer the infected host population size over the study period and region by deve ...
Chapter 27 SMALLPOX
... For the past century, two distinct types of smallpox have been recognized. Variola major, the prototypical disease, was prevalent in Asia and parts of Africa. Variola minor, or alastrim, was distinguished by milder systemic toxicity and more diminutive pox lesions (Figure 27-2). Variola minor was fo ...
... For the past century, two distinct types of smallpox have been recognized. Variola major, the prototypical disease, was prevalent in Asia and parts of Africa. Variola minor, or alastrim, was distinguished by milder systemic toxicity and more diminutive pox lesions (Figure 27-2). Variola minor was fo ...
PDF
... inoculation with the H7N7 viruses tested in this study results in high virus titers throughout the respiratory tract of ferrets, H7N7 virus dissemination following i.o. inoculation was generally restricted to the upper respiratory tract, with a .3 log reduction in titers in nasal turbinates (p,0.05) ...
... inoculation with the H7N7 viruses tested in this study results in high virus titers throughout the respiratory tract of ferrets, H7N7 virus dissemination following i.o. inoculation was generally restricted to the upper respiratory tract, with a .3 log reduction in titers in nasal turbinates (p,0.05) ...
Immunization 5
... Tdap has to be repeated in every pregnancy irrespective of the status of previous immunization (with Tdap) if an adolescent girl who had received Tdap one year prior to becoming pregnant will have to take it since there is rapid waning of immunity following pertussis ...
... Tdap has to be repeated in every pregnancy irrespective of the status of previous immunization (with Tdap) if an adolescent girl who had received Tdap one year prior to becoming pregnant will have to take it since there is rapid waning of immunity following pertussis ...
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
... of age be vaccinated against FeLV and receive a booster vaccination 1 year later. After 1 year of age, the need for subsequent vaccination is determined by risk factors that the individual is exposed to. ...
... of age be vaccinated against FeLV and receive a booster vaccination 1 year later. After 1 year of age, the need for subsequent vaccination is determined by risk factors that the individual is exposed to. ...
Rubella Viruses Rubella Viruses
... with symptoms that can include a low grade fever sore, rubella rubella virus infection virology online com - serological diagnosis of rubella infection serology is the mainstay of diagnosis of rubella infection a recent rubella infection can be diagnosed by 1, rubella rubella virus giant microbes - ...
... with symptoms that can include a low grade fever sore, rubella rubella virus infection virology online com - serological diagnosis of rubella infection serology is the mainstay of diagnosis of rubella infection a recent rubella infection can be diagnosed by 1, rubella rubella virus giant microbes - ...
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
... paralyzes nearly all injected guinea pigs after an incubation period of from 3 to 6 days. Cavian virus also regularly transfers back to mice with the production of paralysis. Murine virus maintained in tissue culture has consistently failed to produce paralysis in guinea pigs. Thus, tissue cultures ...
... paralyzes nearly all injected guinea pigs after an incubation period of from 3 to 6 days. Cavian virus also regularly transfers back to mice with the production of paralysis. Murine virus maintained in tissue culture has consistently failed to produce paralysis in guinea pigs. Thus, tissue cultures ...
Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for Infants and
... reported in two children (22). Among eight recent travel-related cases among children in the United States, all had rash and at least one other sign or symptom (fever, arthralgia, nonpurulent conjunctivitis) (CDC, unpublished data, 2016). Deaths from Zika virus infection appear to be rare in persons ...
... reported in two children (22). Among eight recent travel-related cases among children in the United States, all had rash and at least one other sign or symptom (fever, arthralgia, nonpurulent conjunctivitis) (CDC, unpublished data, 2016). Deaths from Zika virus infection appear to be rare in persons ...
Myxoma virus in rabbits
... mouthparts of the vector. This is most likely to occur when virus titres are over 1 0 infectious units per gram of skin (17). As shown in Figure 1, highly lethal viruses reached this infectivity threshold for only a few days before the rabbit died, whereas moderately attenuated viruses, such as grad ...
... mouthparts of the vector. This is most likely to occur when virus titres are over 1 0 infectious units per gram of skin (17). As shown in Figure 1, highly lethal viruses reached this infectivity threshold for only a few days before the rabbit died, whereas moderately attenuated viruses, such as grad ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Slow Virus Infections of the Nervous System
... Progressivemultifocal leukoencephalopathy (P1V[L) ...
... Progressivemultifocal leukoencephalopathy (P1V[L) ...
4 Risk reviews - Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
... vector-borne hazard of biosecurity concern when imported. However this policy review recommends that PAQ remains a necessary biosecurity measure, with a minimum PAQ period of 10 days to apply for both dogs and cats. Ten days in quarantine is a significant reduction from the minimum PAQ period of 30 ...
... vector-borne hazard of biosecurity concern when imported. However this policy review recommends that PAQ remains a necessary biosecurity measure, with a minimum PAQ period of 10 days to apply for both dogs and cats. Ten days in quarantine is a significant reduction from the minimum PAQ period of 30 ...
the foundations of medical and veterinary virology: discoverers and
... bacterial diseases, and lastly to rabies. In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at discovering the causative agent to the development of specific intervention. In 1885, Pasteur gave the first rabies vaccine to a boy, Joseph Meister, bitten severely by a rabid dog—that day marked the ...
... bacterial diseases, and lastly to rabies. In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at discovering the causative agent to the development of specific intervention. In 1885, Pasteur gave the first rabies vaccine to a boy, Joseph Meister, bitten severely by a rabid dog—that day marked the ...
Rate of Multiplication in the Mouse Lung of Unadapted and Adapted
... rate of multiplication of these variants, the lag phase would appear to afford the greatest opportunity for such a selection to take place. Whether adaptation and the disappearance of the lag phase occur simultaneously in subsequent passages of an unadapted line has not been investigated. No satisfa ...
... rate of multiplication of these variants, the lag phase would appear to afford the greatest opportunity for such a selection to take place. Whether adaptation and the disappearance of the lag phase occur simultaneously in subsequent passages of an unadapted line has not been investigated. No satisfa ...
the foundations of medical and veterinary virology
... research program discovery of canine hepatitis virus (the first adenovirus) development of embryonated hen’s eggs as host for viruses discovery of swine influenza virus (the first Influenzavirus) discovery of western equine encephalitis virus (the first alphavirus) discovery of Rift Valley fever vir ...
... research program discovery of canine hepatitis virus (the first adenovirus) development of embryonated hen’s eggs as host for viruses discovery of swine influenza virus (the first Influenzavirus) discovery of western equine encephalitis virus (the first alphavirus) discovery of Rift Valley fever vir ...
Virus and Viroid Plant Pathogens
... Healthy cells Proteinaceous crystals increase in number & aggregate with some Potyvirus infections ...
... Healthy cells Proteinaceous crystals increase in number & aggregate with some Potyvirus infections ...
Zika, a Mosquito-Transmitted Virus
... 2015). At time of publication no definitive link between ZIKV infection and occurrence of microcephaly has been made (Fauci and Morens 2016); nevertheless, during the current (2015–2016) Zika outbreak, several health agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have advised preg ...
... 2015). At time of publication no definitive link between ZIKV infection and occurrence of microcephaly has been made (Fauci and Morens 2016); nevertheless, during the current (2015–2016) Zika outbreak, several health agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have advised preg ...
Vomiting as a Symptom and Transmission Risk in Norovirus
... Noroviruses are estimated to cause 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis every year in the US [1]. Although most cases of AGE are self-limiting, it is estimated that up to 71,000 cases are hospitalized and 510–800 deaths occur annually [1]. Two genogroups of norovirus, GI and GII, are responsibl ...
... Noroviruses are estimated to cause 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis every year in the US [1]. Although most cases of AGE are self-limiting, it is estimated that up to 71,000 cases are hospitalized and 510–800 deaths occur annually [1]. Two genogroups of norovirus, GI and GII, are responsibl ...
Why Should We Care? What Do We Do About It?
... [31]. The main receptors for Zika virus entry into cells include adhesion factors, including DC-SIGN, AXL, Tyro3, and, TIM1 [31]. The early antiviral responses after Zika virus infection may be responsible for the larger number of asymptomatic infections and mild illness Zika virus disease. However, ...
... [31]. The main receptors for Zika virus entry into cells include adhesion factors, including DC-SIGN, AXL, Tyro3, and, TIM1 [31]. The early antiviral responses after Zika virus infection may be responsible for the larger number of asymptomatic infections and mild illness Zika virus disease. However, ...
Ferrets develop fatal influenza after inhaling small particle aerosols
... is also possible that transmission occurs through direct contact with secretions or fomites with oral, conjunctival and nasal mucus membranes because the virus can remain infectious on nonporous dry surfaces for up to 48 hours [16]. Since human infections with 2003 to present year H5N1 influenza vir ...
... is also possible that transmission occurs through direct contact with secretions or fomites with oral, conjunctival and nasal mucus membranes because the virus can remain infectious on nonporous dry surfaces for up to 48 hours [16]. Since human infections with 2003 to present year H5N1 influenza vir ...
Temporal trends in the discovery of human viruses
... in the last few decades is ecological ‘spillover’ from animal populations rather than newly evolved specialist human viruses. We have very limited knowledge of the diversity of viruses present in most mammal and bird species (with most attention having been paid to viruses of domestic animals; Cleav ...
... in the last few decades is ecological ‘spillover’ from animal populations rather than newly evolved specialist human viruses. We have very limited knowledge of the diversity of viruses present in most mammal and bird species (with most attention having been paid to viruses of domestic animals; Cleav ...
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other warm-blooded animals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear it nearly always results in death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including: rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the mouth, nose, or eyes. Overall dogs are the most common animal involved. More than 99% of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms.Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk. The high-risk group includes people who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. Only a few people have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms and this was with extensive treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol.Rabies causes about 26,000 to 55,000 deaths worldwide per year. More than 95% of these deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs. A number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs. Many small island nations do not have rabies at all.