Virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two M group genotypes of
... produce infectious progeny in a given environment, plays a critical role in viral evolution (Domingo and Holland, 1997; Domingo et al., 1997; Holland et al., 1991). The overall selection of viral strains within and between hosts is likely to depend heavily on their relative fitness (Novella et al., 1 ...
... produce infectious progeny in a given environment, plays a critical role in viral evolution (Domingo and Holland, 1997; Domingo et al., 1997; Holland et al., 1991). The overall selection of viral strains within and between hosts is likely to depend heavily on their relative fitness (Novella et al., 1 ...
Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of
... how gibbons and koalas, living in such diverse habitats, could be infected with the precursor virus. Furthermore, only the habitat of Melomys burtoni in Australia and that of the koalas overlap. Since retroviruses related to KoRV/GaLV were also identified in bats [14,15], which have the ability to f ...
... how gibbons and koalas, living in such diverse habitats, could be infected with the precursor virus. Furthermore, only the habitat of Melomys burtoni in Australia and that of the koalas overlap. Since retroviruses related to KoRV/GaLV were also identified in bats [14,15], which have the ability to f ...
Zika Virus Update for Healthcare Professionals
... Updates to these recommendations will be shared as soon as available. At this time, we recommend that all pregnant women returning from a Zika affected area be offered Zika virus testing (please see Table 1 below for details), and a detailed ultrasound at 19-20 weeks gestational age. Those with nega ...
... Updates to these recommendations will be shared as soon as available. At this time, we recommend that all pregnant women returning from a Zika affected area be offered Zika virus testing (please see Table 1 below for details), and a detailed ultrasound at 19-20 weeks gestational age. Those with nega ...
A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging
... with a known SBV-antibody status (FLI 2013a). All samples were investigated with an optimised RNA extraction method and a real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) system developed at the FLI. Whether SBV can be transmitted by SBV-positive semen is still under investigation. However, direct transmissi ...
... with a known SBV-antibody status (FLI 2013a). All samples were investigated with an optimised RNA extraction method and a real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) system developed at the FLI. Whether SBV can be transmitted by SBV-positive semen is still under investigation. However, direct transmissi ...
The role of amniotic passage in the egg
... Asn-x-Thr. On passage of this amniotic virus in the atlantoic cavity, the derived clones had various sequences at residues 196 to 198 including Asp-x-Thr and Asn-x-Ala, and none had the sequence Asn--x-Thr. For egg 1.2, the clones from the amniotic and corresponding allantoic fluid had predominantly ...
... Asn-x-Thr. On passage of this amniotic virus in the atlantoic cavity, the derived clones had various sequences at residues 196 to 198 including Asp-x-Thr and Asn-x-Ala, and none had the sequence Asn--x-Thr. For egg 1.2, the clones from the amniotic and corresponding allantoic fluid had predominantly ...
Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Speech
... has excelled in both arenas. He initially received a degree in piano from the Warsaw Conservatory, and then an MD degree in1939 from the University of Warsaw. Dr. Koprowski then began to dedicate himself to conducting scientific research, although he continued to study music. He graduated from the S ...
... has excelled in both arenas. He initially received a degree in piano from the Warsaw Conservatory, and then an MD degree in1939 from the University of Warsaw. Dr. Koprowski then began to dedicate himself to conducting scientific research, although he continued to study music. He graduated from the S ...
ADACEL (Tdap) - University of Virginia
... Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of more than 100 viruses. Many of these viruses can be passed from one person to another through skin to skin contact. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. For most women, the body’s defense system can clear the ...
... Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of more than 100 viruses. Many of these viruses can be passed from one person to another through skin to skin contact. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. For most women, the body’s defense system can clear the ...
Vaccination of Non-Domestic Carnivores
... All families of the order Carnivora are susceptible to CDV, and it is among the most significant infections of many species. Christensen (1963) recommended vaccination against CDV in susceptible zoo animals, with the addition that vaccination of young animals at an earlier stage than in dogs is pref ...
... All families of the order Carnivora are susceptible to CDV, and it is among the most significant infections of many species. Christensen (1963) recommended vaccination against CDV in susceptible zoo animals, with the addition that vaccination of young animals at an earlier stage than in dogs is pref ...
PRRS Virus – What Happens After a Pig Becomes Infected with
... pig, is sparse. In a small study, ChristopherHennings et al. (2001) compared the presence of virus in serum, semen, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells over time in adult Hampshire (n = 3), Yorkshire (n = 3), and Landrace (n = 2) boars inoculated with a PRRS virus field isolate (SD23983). The smal ...
... pig, is sparse. In a small study, ChristopherHennings et al. (2001) compared the presence of virus in serum, semen, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells over time in adult Hampshire (n = 3), Yorkshire (n = 3), and Landrace (n = 2) boars inoculated with a PRRS virus field isolate (SD23983). The smal ...
Groundnut viral diseases in West Africa - Horizon documentation-IRD
... impossible to prevent the transfer of aphids by the wind, though high density sowing promotes the establishment of a microclimate which prevents the aphid from growing wings and limits transmission. The only efficient and radical means of control is to plant resistant varieties. Surveys in South Bur ...
... impossible to prevent the transfer of aphids by the wind, though high density sowing promotes the establishment of a microclimate which prevents the aphid from growing wings and limits transmission. The only efficient and radical means of control is to plant resistant varieties. Surveys in South Bur ...
Infectious Disease Prevention HOT TOPICS
... are an excellent source of information for veterinarians when individualizing vaccination protocols. Vaccine antigens were divided into those that were considered core (FPV, FCV, FHV1), noncore (rabies, FeLV, FIV, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydophila felis, and feline infectious peritonitis [FIP ...
... are an excellent source of information for veterinarians when individualizing vaccination protocols. Vaccine antigens were divided into those that were considered core (FPV, FCV, FHV1), noncore (rabies, FeLV, FIV, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydophila felis, and feline infectious peritonitis [FIP ...
I. Protocol for Approval to use Vaccinia Virus in
... humans: variola virus (causes smallpox in humans only), monkeypox virus and cowpox virus. There are multiple strains of vaccinia virus that have different levels of virulence for humans and animals. “Standard” vaccinia virus was used historically to immunize humans against smallpox, and it is this v ...
... humans: variola virus (causes smallpox in humans only), monkeypox virus and cowpox virus. There are multiple strains of vaccinia virus that have different levels of virulence for humans and animals. “Standard” vaccinia virus was used historically to immunize humans against smallpox, and it is this v ...
WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION AND CATS
... effective vaccination programmes. However, the causative agent is still prevalent in developing countries where only a small percentage of dogs is vaccinated and in feral carnivore populations worldwide. Therefore vaccination must be continued in order to prevent outbreaks of this devastating diseas ...
... effective vaccination programmes. However, the causative agent is still prevalent in developing countries where only a small percentage of dogs is vaccinated and in feral carnivore populations worldwide. Therefore vaccination must be continued in order to prevent outbreaks of this devastating diseas ...
Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses
... found; rotavirus-like viruses and small round viruses ranging from 15 to 30 nm were detected, but there was no evidence of coronavirus, which is sometimes seen in human enteric disease ...
... found; rotavirus-like viruses and small round viruses ranging from 15 to 30 nm were detected, but there was no evidence of coronavirus, which is sometimes seen in human enteric disease ...
Comparative evaluation of factors affecting
... confirmed positive results for avian influenza (H9) virus. Titer of hemagglutinating activity of positive pooled amnio-allantoic fluid was checked by HA test, which was recorded up to 512 GMT titer. Blood from different species was collected and used to prepare RBCs at a concentration of 1% in phosp ...
... confirmed positive results for avian influenza (H9) virus. Titer of hemagglutinating activity of positive pooled amnio-allantoic fluid was checked by HA test, which was recorded up to 512 GMT titer. Blood from different species was collected and used to prepare RBCs at a concentration of 1% in phosp ...
Tick-borne encephalitis virus – a review of an emerging
... TBEV complex viruses cause limited disease in indigenous forest animals but have the potential to emerge as pathogens if they infect introduced species. During the last few thousand years, this group of viruses has evolved and spread westwards throughout Asian and European forests (Gould et al., 200 ...
... TBEV complex viruses cause limited disease in indigenous forest animals but have the potential to emerge as pathogens if they infect introduced species. During the last few thousand years, this group of viruses has evolved and spread westwards throughout Asian and European forests (Gould et al., 200 ...
An Epizootic Congenital Arthro- gryposis
... findings could be applicable to other viruses in the Simbu group, Aino and Samford, which had been incriminated in HA (Table 2). The incubation temperature does not affect the HA titer, although the titer tended to be slightly lower at 4°C than at 37°0 or at room temperature (22-25°0). Akabane vims ...
... findings could be applicable to other viruses in the Simbu group, Aino and Samford, which had been incriminated in HA (Table 2). The incubation temperature does not affect the HA titer, although the titer tended to be slightly lower at 4°C than at 37°0 or at room temperature (22-25°0). Akabane vims ...
Testing Services for Veterinary Vaccines - Sigma
... on cultures of MCS and WCS and also by inoculating MCS and WCS extracts onto suitable detector cell lines. ...
... on cultures of MCS and WCS and also by inoculating MCS and WCS extracts onto suitable detector cell lines. ...
Persistence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
... with scallops in vivo. Although virus titers measured in scallop tissues decreased, depuration of virus was not complete during the experimental periods. IPNV was still detectable 11 mo after injection. The highest virus titer was found in the hepatopancreas, but virus was also detectable in other t ...
... with scallops in vivo. Although virus titers measured in scallop tissues decreased, depuration of virus was not complete during the experimental periods. IPNV was still detectable 11 mo after injection. The highest virus titer was found in the hepatopancreas, but virus was also detectable in other t ...
Zika Information for - BC Centre for Disease Control
... Zika viral RNA may be present in a patient’s blood for approximately 7 days after symptom onset and has been shown to persist in urine for greater than 10 days. If symptoms have resolved or the patient is asymptomatic, diagnosis is based on the detection of Zika virus-specific antibodies. Interpreta ...
... Zika viral RNA may be present in a patient’s blood for approximately 7 days after symptom onset and has been shown to persist in urine for greater than 10 days. If symptoms have resolved or the patient is asymptomatic, diagnosis is based on the detection of Zika virus-specific antibodies. Interpreta ...
Natural infections of pigs with akabane virus
... The isolation of AKA virus from pigs. By using SN test (Table 1) and nucleotide sequencing of the S-RNA (Fig. 1), we have identified that the NT-14 virus isolated from pigs is an AKA virus. Serological investigations (Fig. 3) support that infection of AKA virus in pigs is not an accident but the vir ...
... The isolation of AKA virus from pigs. By using SN test (Table 1) and nucleotide sequencing of the S-RNA (Fig. 1), we have identified that the NT-14 virus isolated from pigs is an AKA virus. Serological investigations (Fig. 3) support that infection of AKA virus in pigs is not an accident but the vir ...
SOME PROPERTIES OF ROSE MOSAIC VIRUS FROM SOUTH
... two regions. The Australian isolates studied have very much narrower host ranges. At present, rose mosaic does not appear to be a well-defined disease. Fry and Hunter (1956) and Hunter (1965) recognized three types of symptoms on rose which they considered to be caused by different viruses but never ...
... two regions. The Australian isolates studied have very much narrower host ranges. At present, rose mosaic does not appear to be a well-defined disease. Fry and Hunter (1956) and Hunter (1965) recognized three types of symptoms on rose which they considered to be caused by different viruses but never ...
Immunity of Mice to Intranasal Infection after Intraperitoneal
... million proved capable of producing extensive pulmonary lesions and some deaths, but when given intraperitoneally it failed to elicit any immunity to the test dose, since mice so treated died as uniformly as the controls. Thus complete immunity to 1,000 lethal doses was observed only in those mice v ...
... million proved capable of producing extensive pulmonary lesions and some deaths, but when given intraperitoneally it failed to elicit any immunity to the test dose, since mice so treated died as uniformly as the controls. Thus complete immunity to 1,000 lethal doses was observed only in those mice v ...
Persistent influenza C virus possesses distinct functional properties
... Fig. 3. Kinetics of virus attachment to cell surfaces. InfluenzaC/Ann Arbor/l/50 virus (a to d) and its persistent variant (C/AA-pi; e to h) were processedin an MDCK cell attachment assay and visualizedby indirect immunofluorescence.Mock controls (a and e) are a cell control without virus. Adsorptio ...
... Fig. 3. Kinetics of virus attachment to cell surfaces. InfluenzaC/Ann Arbor/l/50 virus (a to d) and its persistent variant (C/AA-pi; e to h) were processedin an MDCK cell attachment assay and visualizedby indirect immunofluorescence.Mock controls (a and e) are a cell control without virus. Adsorptio ...
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other warm-blooded animals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear it nearly always results in death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including: rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the mouth, nose, or eyes. Overall dogs are the most common animal involved. More than 99% of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms.Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk. The high-risk group includes people who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. Only a few people have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms and this was with extensive treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol.Rabies causes about 26,000 to 55,000 deaths worldwide per year. More than 95% of these deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs. A number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs. Many small island nations do not have rabies at all.