Pertussis outbreaks in the developed countries
... been reported from schools, colleges, oil refineries, hospitals and surgical wards etc. 37, 38, 39. A number of reports track adults as a source of infection in infants and small children, which testifies their possible role in pertussis outbreaks and transmission into younger age group 40. A precis ...
... been reported from schools, colleges, oil refineries, hospitals and surgical wards etc. 37, 38, 39. A number of reports track adults as a source of infection in infants and small children, which testifies their possible role in pertussis outbreaks and transmission into younger age group 40. A precis ...
rhabdoviridae - Department of Library Services
... Within the lyssaviruses, the genetic relatedness is closest between488 (genotype 1) and Duvenhage, European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2, plus the Australian bat lyssavirus (genotypes 4, 5, 6 and 7), which are consequently placed together in a phylogroup I, and between Lagos bat and Mokola viruses (geno ...
... Within the lyssaviruses, the genetic relatedness is closest between488 (genotype 1) and Duvenhage, European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2, plus the Australian bat lyssavirus (genotypes 4, 5, 6 and 7), which are consequently placed together in a phylogroup I, and between Lagos bat and Mokola viruses (geno ...
Smallpox Chapter (Pink Book)
... form in ordinary-type smallpox. It is not known with certainty why some persons develop this type of disease. In a large series of persons hospitalized with smallpox in India, flat-type smallpox accounted for 5%–10% of cases, and the majority (72%) were in children. The prodrome is severe and lasts ...
... form in ordinary-type smallpox. It is not known with certainty why some persons develop this type of disease. In a large series of persons hospitalized with smallpox in India, flat-type smallpox accounted for 5%–10% of cases, and the majority (72%) were in children. The prodrome is severe and lasts ...
A critical review of the effect of heat, pH and water activity on the
... likely to occur in persons over 40 years of age. Infection with HAV confers lifelong immunity (Melnick, 1995; Ryder & Beckingham, 2001); Pinto et al., 2014). ...
... likely to occur in persons over 40 years of age. Infection with HAV confers lifelong immunity (Melnick, 1995; Ryder & Beckingham, 2001); Pinto et al., 2014). ...
Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses
... characteristics of the core proteins. Influenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918, when over twenty million deaths occurred world-wide. The two surface gly ...
... characteristics of the core proteins. Influenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918, when over twenty million deaths occurred world-wide. The two surface gly ...
Lessons Learned from Historic Plague Epidemics - e
... while the cumulative mortality due to smallpox was likely the highest among selected infectious diseases historically, none of these diseases impacted both ancient and modern world societies over the past 1,500 years as plague has done [28]. Despite its high mortality rate (ca. 30%), smallpox is tho ...
... while the cumulative mortality due to smallpox was likely the highest among selected infectious diseases historically, none of these diseases impacted both ancient and modern world societies over the past 1,500 years as plague has done [28]. Despite its high mortality rate (ca. 30%), smallpox is tho ...
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS: IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
... (45). The highly transmissible nature of the disease and the presence of multiple serotypes and genotypes have complicated and increased the cost regarding prophylaxis (39). Losses from production inefficiencies are usually of greater concern than losses from mortality, which may be directly caused ...
... (45). The highly transmissible nature of the disease and the presence of multiple serotypes and genotypes have complicated and increased the cost regarding prophylaxis (39). Losses from production inefficiencies are usually of greater concern than losses from mortality, which may be directly caused ...
Disease Strategy Manual - Abalone viral ganglioneuritis
... as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. The information in this publication is for general guidance only and does not override common law, laws of the Commonwealth or any Australian state or territory, ...
... as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. The information in this publication is for general guidance only and does not override common law, laws of the Commonwealth or any Australian state or territory, ...
Bovine TB: a review of badger-to-cattle transmission
... Gloucestershire which had experienced persistent cattle breakdowns (Muirhead et al., 1974). With time, more infected badgers were discovered across many counties in southwest GB (MAFF Reports 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1981, Gallagher and Clifton-Hadley, 2000), the ROI (Noonan et al., 1975) and NI (DANI R ...
... Gloucestershire which had experienced persistent cattle breakdowns (Muirhead et al., 1974). With time, more infected badgers were discovered across many counties in southwest GB (MAFF Reports 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1981, Gallagher and Clifton-Hadley, 2000), the ROI (Noonan et al., 1975) and NI (DANI R ...
Malignant Catarrhal Fever - College of Veterinary Medicine
... Some evidence indicates up to 200 days Experimentally incubation periods may be from 7 to 77 days ...
... Some evidence indicates up to 200 days Experimentally incubation periods may be from 7 to 77 days ...
Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Rabies
... of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. The furious stage is characterized by an increase in aggressivene ...
... of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. The furious stage is characterized by an increase in aggressivene ...
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007
... pathogen was acquired while an inpatient or if a case was hospitalised as a result of their infection. Of these were 238 outbreaks were of infectious intestinal disease (IID) notified on CIDR. These IID outbreaks resulted in 4713 associated cases of illness. There were 22 non-IID outbreaks reported ...
... pathogen was acquired while an inpatient or if a case was hospitalised as a result of their infection. Of these were 238 outbreaks were of infectious intestinal disease (IID) notified on CIDR. These IID outbreaks resulted in 4713 associated cases of illness. There were 22 non-IID outbreaks reported ...
epidemiology of tuberculosis in cattle and human patients in borno
... Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. I am also grateful to Dr. Mohammed Hamza of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Bayero University Kano for unquantifiable support. I sincerely thank Dr. I. J. Daudu Family, Prof. Buba G. Bajoga, Prof. M. A. Bajoga, Dr. Garba Mohammed, Late Prof. G. Mohamm ...
... Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. I am also grateful to Dr. Mohammed Hamza of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Bayero University Kano for unquantifiable support. I sincerely thank Dr. I. J. Daudu Family, Prof. Buba G. Bajoga, Prof. M. A. Bajoga, Dr. Garba Mohammed, Late Prof. G. Mohamm ...
Are we facing new health challenges and diseases in
... animal transport restrictions. Another threat could be animals infected with mycobacteria, potentially causing tuberculosis in reindeer. Red deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis was imported to Sweden in 1987, creating disease problems in farmed deer as well as possible transmission to livestock a ...
... animal transport restrictions. Another threat could be animals infected with mycobacteria, potentially causing tuberculosis in reindeer. Red deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis was imported to Sweden in 1987, creating disease problems in farmed deer as well as possible transmission to livestock a ...
Bluetongue: a review
... In August 2006 bluetongue epidemics broke out suddenly and unexpectedly in Northern Europe – first in The Netherlands and shortly afterwards in Belgium, Germany and the north of France (Thiry et al., 2006; Carpenter et al., 2009; Wilson and Mellor, 2009). They were caused by the BTV serotype 8 (Elbe ...
... In August 2006 bluetongue epidemics broke out suddenly and unexpectedly in Northern Europe – first in The Netherlands and shortly afterwards in Belgium, Germany and the north of France (Thiry et al., 2006; Carpenter et al., 2009; Wilson and Mellor, 2009). They were caused by the BTV serotype 8 (Elbe ...
Why Is There Still Rabies in the World? - An...
... headaches, fever and irritability. These are followed by seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. Rabies is almost always fatal. Rabies is found all over the world except Australia, Antarctica and some islands where there is strict quarantine system, rigorous eradication or natural barrier like mount ...
... headaches, fever and irritability. These are followed by seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. Rabies is almost always fatal. Rabies is found all over the world except Australia, Antarctica and some islands where there is strict quarantine system, rigorous eradication or natural barrier like mount ...
Measles Elimination in Thailand - World Health Organization, South
... established target years for reaching this goal: Eastern Mediterranean region (2010; B.E. 2553), European region (2010; B.E. 2553), African region (2020; B.E. 2563), and Western Pacific region (2012; B.E. 2555). The 11 member countries, including Thailand, in the Southeast Asia region agreed in 2010 ...
... established target years for reaching this goal: Eastern Mediterranean region (2010; B.E. 2553), European region (2010; B.E. 2553), African region (2020; B.E. 2563), and Western Pacific region (2012; B.E. 2555). The 11 member countries, including Thailand, in the Southeast Asia region agreed in 2010 ...
Zika virus disease epidemic
... screening tests should be validated and approved by the responsible national authority. WHO reference material of Zika virus RNA for comparative evaluation of both diagnostic and screening assays is expected to be officially endorsed in October 2016 but can already be obtained from the Paul-Ehrlich- ...
... screening tests should be validated and approved by the responsible national authority. WHO reference material of Zika virus RNA for comparative evaluation of both diagnostic and screening assays is expected to be officially endorsed in October 2016 but can already be obtained from the Paul-Ehrlich- ...
Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna
... The importation of alpacas and llamas is increasing each year, from around 50 animals several years ago to more than 550 during 2008 and 2009. This increase in the number of animals moving internationally is expected to continue, along with an increase in the number of countries from which alpacas a ...
... The importation of alpacas and llamas is increasing each year, from around 50 animals several years ago to more than 550 during 2008 and 2009. This increase in the number of animals moving internationally is expected to continue, along with an increase in the number of countries from which alpacas a ...
Diagnosis of measles by clinical case definition in dengue
... routinely draw blood samples from doubtful or more clinically difficult cases; if this were the case, however, it might explain some misclassification. However, even with these limitations our analysis illustrates the potential for misclassification. The impact on VE is independent of population siz ...
... routinely draw blood samples from doubtful or more clinically difficult cases; if this were the case, however, it might explain some misclassification. However, even with these limitations our analysis illustrates the potential for misclassification. The impact on VE is independent of population siz ...
Stopping poliovirus vaccination after eradication
... potentially affecting when and how vaccination against poliovirus can be stopped become extremely important. Because of the potential risks and benefits inherent in such a decision, the best available science, a risk±benefit analysis, contingency plans, a stock pile of poliovirus vaccines, and the e ...
... potentially affecting when and how vaccination against poliovirus can be stopped become extremely important. Because of the potential risks and benefits inherent in such a decision, the best available science, a risk±benefit analysis, contingency plans, a stock pile of poliovirus vaccines, and the e ...
Vaccinia (Smallpox) Vaccine
... biomedical laboratories (11 ). The guidelines expanded the recommendations to include persons working in animal-care areas where studies with Orthopoxviruses were being conducted. They further recommended that such workers have documented evidence of satisfactory smallpox vaccination within the prec ...
... biomedical laboratories (11 ). The guidelines expanded the recommendations to include persons working in animal-care areas where studies with Orthopoxviruses were being conducted. They further recommended that such workers have documented evidence of satisfactory smallpox vaccination within the prec ...
Expert Opinion on Vaccine and/or Diagnostic Banks for Major
... Under Pillar 3 in particular, as point 24 of the programming document3 for the Action Plan, a task force was created to assist the Commission in the development of this policy paper on EU vaccine/antigen banks for major animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF ...
... Under Pillar 3 in particular, as point 24 of the programming document3 for the Action Plan, a task force was created to assist the Commission in the development of this policy paper on EU vaccine/antigen banks for major animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF ...
Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles virus infection
... The non-specific nature of the prodromal signs and the existence of mild cases make clinical signs unreliable as the sole diagnostic criteria of measles disease. As disease prevalence falls many medical practitioners will be inexperienced in recognizing measles and the need will increase for laborat ...
... The non-specific nature of the prodromal signs and the existence of mild cases make clinical signs unreliable as the sole diagnostic criteria of measles disease. As disease prevalence falls many medical practitioners will be inexperienced in recognizing measles and the need will increase for laborat ...
KURUKULASURIYA-DISSERTATION-2017
... In the third chapter, we found that vIBDV–SK09 can cause immunosuppression, resulting in significantly higher mortality and disease severity in pre-exposed chickens upon challenge with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli. In the fourth chapter, we evaluated two commercial broiler vaccines, recombi ...
... In the third chapter, we found that vIBDV–SK09 can cause immunosuppression, resulting in significantly higher mortality and disease severity in pre-exposed chickens upon challenge with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli. In the fourth chapter, we evaluated two commercial broiler vaccines, recombi ...
Rinderpest
Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and some other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs. The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, tenesmus, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations. Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air. After a global eradication campaign, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest. On 25 May 2011, the World Organisation for Animal Health announced the free status of the last eight countries not yet recognized (a total of 198 countries were now free of the disease), officially declaring the eradication of the disease. In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out, following smallpox.Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning ""cattle-plague"". The rinderpest virus (RPV) was closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses.