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Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Jeffrey Musser, DVM, PhD
Suzanne Burnham, DVM
Texas A&M University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Professor Moritz van Vuuren
University of Pretoria
Department of
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Notes
For additional information, download this
presentation and read the notes attached
to each slide.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal
Fever
In this presentation the authors especially drew from the
first hand experience of their colleagues in South Africa.
Personal interviews as well as standard research
sources provide the insights we bring you for the
recognition of this exotic disease.
Jeffrey Musser
Suzanne Burnham
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal
Fever
MALIGNANT CATARRHAL
FEVER
Dr Corrie Brown
Another word of thanks to Dr Corrie Brown who believes
that sharing information will make the world a better
place. Dr Brown generously has shared her work on this
subject to add to the depth of this work.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Diseases Notifiable to the OIE
Cattle diseases
Bovine anaplasmosis
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious
Lumpky skin disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Theileriosis
Trichomonosis
Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted)
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
pustular vulvovaginitis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant catarrhal fever, is an infectious
disease of ruminants. It is also referred
to as malignant catarrh, malignant head
catarrh, and gangrenous coryza.
In South Africa it may also be called
“snotsiekte” which means
“snotting sickness”
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant catarrhal fever is a sporadic, usually
fatal, pansystemic disease of cattle and deer
characterized by low morbidity but high mortality,
high fever, catarrhal inflammation of the upper
respiratory tract and the digestive tract,
dehydration, conjunctivitis, generalized
lymphadenopathy and epithelial lesions.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Contents
Etiology
Host range
Transmission
Incubation
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Etiology
Wildebeest derived MCF is
caused by Alcelaphine
herpesvirus type 1(AHV-1)
Sheep associated MCF is
caused by Ovine herpesvirus-2
(OVH-2)
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Etiology
and
Caprine herpesvirus type 2
All are Lymphotropic Cell-associated
Gamma family herpesviruses
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Etiology
Wildebeest-derived
– Occurs wherever wildebeest live
– Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1
Sheep-associated
– Endemic, worldwide; sheep is the natural reservoir host
– Ovine herpesvirus-2
Goat-derived
– Goats are the natural reservoir host.
– Caprine herpesvirus-2
– Seen in deer as alopecia, weight loss syndrome
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Etiology
All varieties of domestic sheep in North
America are carriers of ovine herpesvirus-2
(OVH-2). Malignant Catarrhal fever in these
natural hosts does not produce clinical disease.
Likewise, goats are endemically infected
with caprine herpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) which
apparently only causes clinical disease in deer.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Etiology
The disease expression in
“sheep-associated” MCF and
“wildebeest-derived” MCF
is very similar.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Host Range
The disease can
occur in cattle,
domesticated
buffaloes, a wide
range of captive
antelopes and deer,
and free-living deer.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Host Range
Under natural conditions only
domestic cattle and deer develop
clinical signs
MCF has never been reported in freeliving wild animals in Africa
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Host Range
In zoological collections a wide variety of
ruminant species have been reported to
develop clinical signs
Rabbits can be infected experimentally
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Host Range
It was recently confirmed in pigs in
Scandinavia
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Reservoir ruminant species
Blue wildebeest
Black wildebeest
Domestic sheep
Goats
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Blue Wildebeest
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Black Wildebeest
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Transmission
Neonatal and adolescent wildebeest shed virus
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Transmission from reservoir
animals to domestic cattle, deer
contact with calving
wildebeest
contact with lambing
sheep
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Cattle are more susceptible to
Wildebeest derived MCF
than to the sheep or goat MCF
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Transmission
Transmission of the virus is associated
with lambing time of sheep or calving
season of wildebeest when the virus can
be shed from nasal secretions.
After this period the virus occurs only as
cell-associated, not free virus
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Transmission
Droplets and aerosol dispersal of free
virus may contaminate feed and water
sources
Transmission to cattle mostly occurs by
inhalation of droplets shed from ewes that
are lambing
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Natural transmission of the
virus
Wildebeest to cattle
Wildebeest to other ruminants
Wildebeest to deer
Sheep to cattle
Sheep to other ruminants
Sheep to deer
Deer to susceptible species
Deer to deer
Goats to susceptible species
Cattle to cattle
X
Malignant Catarrhal Fever






?

? Quite likely
Congenital Transmission
Cow will die then later calf will die
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Pathogenesis
Virus infects “natural killer” lymphocytes and
transforms them. Transformed cells then
replicate as if they were neoplastic and attack
host. Terminal necrotizing lesions are
believed to be the result of an autoimmune
type phenomenon. Vessels and stratified
squamous mucosal surfaces are attacked.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Incubation
Unknown for natural infections. Some
animals are subclinically infected and only
demonstrate symptoms when stressed.
Some evidence indicates up to 200 days
Experimentally incubation periods may be
from 7 to 77 days
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever:
Clinical Signs
In some cases MCF presents as chronic
alopecia and weight loss as with deer
infected with the Caprine herpesvirus.
However, MCF is typically fatal.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
There are many factors that affect the
duration of the disease in different species
The severity of the clinical symptoms will
depend on those factors. Mortality is
usually 100% but some animals face
weeks of progressive disease
For this reasons, once the disease is
identified, most elect to euthanized the
affected animal.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
High fever 106-107°F (41-41.5°C)
Depression
In deer - sudden death
Deer and bison that survive 2-3 days:
– Hemorrhagic diarrhea
– Bloody urine
– Corneal opacity
– Then death
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
The longer the animal survives the course
of the disease the more severe the signs
become.
For example, animals that die acutely may
not develop lymphadenopathy or corneal
opacity
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
As the disease progresses:
Catarrhal inflammation
Erosions and exudates in upper
respiratory tract, ocular and oral mucosa
Swollen lymph nodes
Lameness
CNS signs (depression, tremors, stupor,
hypo-responsive, aggression, convulsions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
On average the time to death for
European cattle is longer than for deer,
bison and water buffalo; usually 7-17 days
after the appearance of clinical signs
In cattle the swollen lymph nodes and
severe eye lesions are more frequent
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Hemorrhagic enteritis and cystitis are
more frequently seen in bison and deer
than in cattle
Skin lesions are common in animals that
do not succumb quickly
Most eventually die, about 5% recover
clinically
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical signs
Depressed and VERY SICK
Stertorous respiration
Enlarged lymph nodes
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Animals suffer, are painful and breathe with difficulty
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia may be eventual
cause of death if not euthanized first
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Painful swollen eyes
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Ocular and
nasal discharge
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
“snotsiekte”
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Mucopurulent discharge, crusting occludes the nostril;
animal begins open mouth breathing.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Characteristic of MCF
Early corneal opacity begins
at the limbus
Progresses to total opacity
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs
Severe panophthalmitis, hypopion, corneal erosions
are more frequent in cattle
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Severe Ocular lesions
Painful Conjunctivitis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Severe Ocular lesions
Progresses to corneal opacity
beginning at Limbus
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Severe Ocular lesions
Characteristic eye lesions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Severe Ocular lesions
Characteristic eye lesions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Severe Ocular lesions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Erosions on gums, dental pad and near teeth
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Erosions near the teeth
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Necrosis of papillae similar to rinderpest
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Erosions here are similar to bluetongue in Africa
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Erosions of papillae
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Oral Lesions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Erosions in squamous (anterior) portion of
nasal cavity
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Enlarged and edematous
lymph nodes
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Moist necrotic
dermatitis with
exudation and
encrustations
Skin lesions associated
with both sheep form
and wildebeest derived.
Resembles foot-and-mouth
disease
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Mild diarrhea
sometimes seen
which is black and
tarry, but not
effusive
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
In terminal stages CNS
symptoms: falling, circling,
head pressing, high stepping
convulsions, then death
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Signs in Swine
From a case in Norway:
Symptoms reported as: hyperemic conjunctiva,
vomiting, restlessness and anorexia. The rectal
temperature was 41° C, the respiratory rate was
33 per minute, and the heart rate was 110 per
minute. Despite parenteral antibiotic treatment,
the symptoms worsened and the pig died 5 days
after onset of disease. Over a short period,
three other adult swine in the same herd died
after showing similar clinical signs.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Clinical Features Summary
Incubation period is LONG – weeks to months
Morbidity LOW
Clinical illness – weight loss, enlarged lymph
nodes, corneal opacity, rhinitis
Mortality – 100%
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Diagnosis
Polymerase chain reaction
Gross Pathology
Histopathological examination
Serology
Virus isolation
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Diagnosis at Necropsy
The disease is systemic and lesions can
be found in any organ
Inflammation and necrosis of the
respiratory, alimentary and urinary mucosa
Generalized lymphoid proliferation and
necrosis
Widespread vasculitis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Focally disseminated erosions and
ulcerations in the GIT
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Focally disseminated erosions and
ulcerations in the GIT
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
“button ulcers” 5-10 cm erosions
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Frequently see erosions in the bladder mucosa
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Lymphoid infiltration
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Multifocal lymphoid infiltration
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Multifocal lymphoid infiltration
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Enlarged lymphoid tissue – everywhere
– looks like lymphoma
Lymph nodes –
TOO BIG
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Tonsils
bulge
Hemal nodes
are prominent
Spleen
infiltrated
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Peyer’s patches stand out
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Diagnosis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Diagnosis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Histopathology
T lymphocyte
hyperplasia,
cell necrosis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Histopathology
Severe necrotizing
vasculitis
Perivascular
lymphoid infiltration
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Histopathology
Perivascular lymphoid
infiltration of arterioles
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Differential diagnosis
Mucosal disease
Rinderpest
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Orbivirus infections
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Control of MCF
There is no vaccine
Keep cattle away from
lambing sheep and
calving wildebeest!
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Rinderpest
Foot-and-mouth disease
Bovine Viral Diarrhea/mucosal disease
East Coast Fever (Theileriosis)
With CNS signs can resemble rabies
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Script, directing and
editing: Prof M van Vuuren
Video footage: Prof M van
Vuuren and Prof JAW
Coetzer
Voice-Over: Mr M Gooding
Editing: Mr A du Plessis
An excellent video about Malignant Catarrhal Fever is available from:
http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/depts_vtd_teach/index.htm
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Summary
Think Malignant Catarrhal fever when:
Only a few cattle are affected and they die
Cattle have been exposed to sheep during
lambing season
Cattle have severe respiratory symptoms
and conjunctivitis with cornel opacity
Lesions are on the ventral side of the
tongue
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Image Watermark
“KAW” images by Dr. Ken A. Waldrup
“Coetzer” images used with permission by
Dr. J.A.W. Coetzer
“LLogan” images by Dr. Linda Logan
“Suz” images by Dr Suzanne Burnham
“MVV” images by Prof Moritz van Vuuren
Logo for Dr. Juan Lubroth
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to
Professors Moritz van Vuuren and JAW Coetzer Department of
Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U of
Pretoria
Linda Logan, DVM PhD, USDA International Services, Attaché
Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD, Texas Department of State Health Services
Robin Sewell, DVM, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary
Medicine, Librarian
Kelsey Pohler- Research Assistant, TAMU
Linda Venter, Instructional Designer, Department of Veterinary Tropical
Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U of Pretoria
Lilly Mphahlele, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, U of Pretoria
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Special thanks for materials
borrowed with permission
from presentations by:
Corrie Brown, DVM PhD, University of Georgia,
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Professor Moritz van Vuuren and Professor JAW
Coetzer, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
“Malignant Catarrhal Fever” presented at the FEAD
course in Knoxville, Tenn. 2005.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
This presentation is a collaborative effort
Malignant Catarrhal Fever