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The global distribution of Crimean
The global distribution of Crimean

... sheep and goats) or tick vector habitats being particularly at risk of infectious tick bites, and those working in animal slaughterhouses being at risk for blood-borne exposure.16,17 Human-to-human transmission is possible, typically amongst healthcare workers or close relatives having close contact ...
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007

Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union
Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union

... conditions; Td vaccine can be given as periodic booster doses every 10–20 years, or the selected strategy can be age-specific for ages at which people are in contact with health care providers. Periodic booster doses are indicated in countries where the risk of introducing diphtheria is considered h ...
Viral hepatitis. HIV-infection. Infections with transmissible
Viral hepatitis. HIV-infection. Infections with transmissible

... Annually in the world there are about 2 million people with acute viral hepatitis. What % of all cases will develop chronic form. A. 100 % B. 50 % C. 25 % D. * 10 % E. 1 % 56. On the average 15 to 30 % of all population of the planet suffer from some pathology of liver. Prevalence of hepatitis and c ...
Infectious Diseases in Finland 1995–2009
Infectious Diseases in Finland 1995–2009

... vaccination programme in 2003 and 2005. Among gastrointestinal infections, campylobacter has been reported more commonly than salmonella since 1998. For both diseases, the majority of the infections have been acquired abroad. In Finnish studies on Yersinia enterocolitica, it was discovered that find ...
Plague - Docstoc
Plague - Docstoc

... in Africa and killed 100 million people over a span of 60 years. plague killed approximately one fourth of Europe's population. • The pandemic that began in China in the 1860s spread to Hong Kong in the 1890s and was subsequently spread by rats transported on ships to Africa, Asia, California, and p ...
Infectious Diseases in Finland 2011
Infectious Diseases in Finland 2011

... sub-typings or send as many virus samples to be subtyped as during the pandemic. Most frequently influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infections was occured among young adults (aged 15 to 24). This may partly be explained by the fact that this age group had a lower vaccine coverage than the population on average ...
Infectious Diseases in Finland 2010
Infectious Diseases in Finland 2010

Chapter 2
Chapter 2

Lessons Learned from Historic Plague Epidemics - e
Lessons Learned from Historic Plague Epidemics - e

Temporal Trend and Climatic Factors of Hemorrhagic Fever with
Temporal Trend and Climatic Factors of Hemorrhagic Fever with

... Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an important infectious disease caused by different species of hantaviruses in China. As a rodent-borne disease with a seasonal distribution, external environmental factors including climate factors may play a significant role in its transm ...
Discovery of a Leptospirosis Cluster Amidst a Pneumonic Plague
Discovery of a Leptospirosis Cluster Amidst a Pneumonic Plague

... The existence of a pneumonic plague outbreak cannot be denied; five cases were confirmed and ten were considered as probable according to the WHO case definition (Table 2) [6]. In a region where plague had never been reported, this is an event of international public health importance by itself. How ...
Mosquito-Born Dengue Fever Threat Spreading in the
Mosquito-Born Dengue Fever Threat Spreading in the

Infectious Diseases in Finland 2013
Infectious Diseases in Finland 2013

... tuberculosis were reported than in earlier years, but those who contracted the disease were younger than before. The fact that one third of cases were identified in foreign-born individuals is indicative of the gradual demographic change in epidemiology, as the number of cases of reactivation in the ...
Fever and Empiric Antibiotic Therapy–2016
Fever and Empiric Antibiotic Therapy–2016

... 5. Antibiotic dosing: What dose to give and for how long? Chapter 10 introduces the field of antibiotic “pharmacodynamics” that strives to determine the optimal dosing and use of antimicrobial agents. 6. Practical ID management: Parenteral vs. oral therapy, the duration of antibiotic therapy and how ...
Effects of Dengue Incidence on Socio
Effects of Dengue Incidence on Socio

... Dengue is the big predicament for the people who live in the sticky and subtropical regions. There are millions of people who are affected severely by the Dengue fever. According to one estimate Dengue fever is responsible for more than 26,000 deaths per year worldwide. The increase in mortality rat ...
Bayesian Inference for Stochastic Epidemic Models using Markov
Bayesian Inference for Stochastic Epidemic Models using Markov

... each event taking place. Additionally, the use of stochastic epidemic models naturally facilitates estimation of important epidemiological parameters as will become apparent in the following chapters. Finally, from a subjective point of view, stochastic models are intuitively logical to define, since ...
PLAGUE AND CONSEQUENCES Athens 431 – 421 BC
PLAGUE AND CONSEQUENCES Athens 431 – 421 BC

... from a mysterious disease, the plague, from which he died together with a large part of the population. We were told that after his death the Athenians elected new leaders who were unwilling to follow his advice as to the strategy of the war. It all ended with a catastrophe for the people of Athens. ...
Epidemiology and Distribution of Plague
Epidemiology and Distribution of Plague

... from another host and may bite human beings. Humans who contract the disease may subsequently become infective to other people. Less common is human infection following the death of rodents during an epizootic in a natural focus. The fleas can accumulate at the entrance to and the ground surface aro ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University

... 2004. Implementation of hygiene measures coincided with an 84.8% (95% predictive interval 81.2%–86.6%) reduction in reproduction number. This reduction was unexpectedly large but still below the reduction needed to contain a norovirus outbreak. Even more stringent control measures are required to br ...
Fever of Unknown Origin: Focused Diagnostic Approach Based on Clinical Physical Examination,
Fever of Unknown Origin: Focused Diagnostic Approach Based on Clinical Physical Examination,

... the abdominal CT or MRI suggesting terminal ilial abnormalities then a gallium-indium scan may be obtained, which should also show increased uptake in the ileum. FUO patients with regional enteritis may present only with extraintestinal manifestations (eg, episcleritis). The diagnostic significance o ...
Developing_home_hygiene_practice_targeted_hygiene
Developing_home_hygiene_practice_targeted_hygiene

... Targeted hygiene also means applying a suitable hygiene procedure at appropriate times to interrupt the chain of infection transmission. Since the “infectious dose” for many common pathogens such as Campylobacter, norovirus and rhinovirus can be very small (1–500 particles or cells), one must argue ...
Plague as a Biological Weapon
Plague as a Biological Weapon

... secondary to bubonic plague.21 Septicemic plague may lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, necrosis of small vessels, and purpuric skin lesions (Figure 2, B). Gangrene of acral regions such as the digits and nose may also occur in advanced disease, a process believed responsible for the na ...
S08 OTC AllergicRhinitis
S08 OTC AllergicRhinitis

Cases
Cases

... persons in whom a gastrointestinal infection would have particularly serious consequences ...
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Yellow fever in Buenos Aires



The Yellow Fever in Buenos Aires was a series of epidemics that took place in 1852, 1858, 1870 and 1871, the latter being a disaster that killed about 8% of Porteños: in a city were the daily death rate was less than 20, there were days that killed more than 500 people. The Yellow Fever would have come from Asunción, Paraguay, brought by Argentine soldiers returning from the war just fought in that country, having previously spread in the city of Corrientes. As its worst, Buenos Aires population was reduced to a third because of the exodus of those escaping the scourge.Some of the main causes of the spread of this disease were the insufficient supply of drinking water, pollution of ground water by human waste, the warm and humid climate in summer, the overcrowding suffered by the black people and, since 1871, the overcrowding of the European immigrants who entered the country incessantly and without sanitary measures. Also, the saladeros (manufacturing establishments for producing salted and dried meat) polluted the Matanza River (south of the city limits), and the infected ditches full of debris which ran through the city encouraged the spread of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which was responsible of transmitting Yellow Fever.A witness to the epidemic of 1871, named Mardoqueo Navarro, wrote on April 13 the following description in his diary:Businesses closed, streets deserted, a shortage of doctors, corpses without assistance, everyone flees if they can...
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