"Salmonella" epidemiology in broiler flocks
... day of rearing, samples of water, bedding, farmers’ boots, meconiums, delivery-box liners and feed were collected. During rearing, 6 visits took place and samples of feed were taken. On slaughter day, samples of dust, surfaces, water, feed and faeces were also collected. Finally, two days after slau ...
... day of rearing, samples of water, bedding, farmers’ boots, meconiums, delivery-box liners and feed were collected. During rearing, 6 visits took place and samples of feed were taken. On slaughter day, samples of dust, surfaces, water, feed and faeces were also collected. Finally, two days after slau ...
Background Paper on Varicella Vaccine SAGE Working Group on
... Because one dose of varicella vaccine is not 100% effective, some vaccinated persons will develop varicella. Varicella occurring in vaccinated persons more than 42 days after vaccination (also referred to as “breakthrough disease”) is always due to wild-type VZV. The clinical presentation is highly ...
... Because one dose of varicella vaccine is not 100% effective, some vaccinated persons will develop varicella. Varicella occurring in vaccinated persons more than 42 days after vaccination (also referred to as “breakthrough disease”) is always due to wild-type VZV. The clinical presentation is highly ...
Pertussis outbreaks in the developed countries
... incidence of disease in both developed as well developing countries of the world since the introduction of DTP vaccine in 1940s3, 4. However, a resurgence of pertussis cases has been observed in a number of reports from highly immunized vaccinated countries 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. An increase in the pertussi ...
... incidence of disease in both developed as well developing countries of the world since the introduction of DTP vaccine in 1940s3, 4. However, a resurgence of pertussis cases has been observed in a number of reports from highly immunized vaccinated countries 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. An increase in the pertussi ...
Penicillin
... Bact. resist. against the β- lactum antb.s continues to ↑at high rate. Mech. - by β –lactamase that destroy the antb - alteration in or acquisition of novel penicil. binding proteins ( PBPs) . - Decreased entry & / or efflux of antb.s ...
... Bact. resist. against the β- lactum antb.s continues to ↑at high rate. Mech. - by β –lactamase that destroy the antb - alteration in or acquisition of novel penicil. binding proteins ( PBPs) . - Decreased entry & / or efflux of antb.s ...
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3
... immunocompromise; obesity (class III); pregnancy; and smoking. Severe disease may also occur in otherwise healthy children and young adults. Annual attack rates in the general community are typically 5 to 10%, but may be up to 20% in some years. In households and ‘closed’ populations, attack rates m ...
... immunocompromise; obesity (class III); pregnancy; and smoking. Severe disease may also occur in otherwise healthy children and young adults. Annual attack rates in the general community are typically 5 to 10%, but may be up to 20% in some years. In households and ‘closed’ populations, attack rates m ...
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007
... for four water supplies in March 2007 and were lifted in July and August 2007 following closure of two older plants and upgrading of two newer plants. No specific point source of contamination was identified. Non-IID Outbreaks: Twenty-two outbreaks of non-IID/gastroenteric diseases were notified in ...
... for four water supplies in March 2007 and were lifted in July and August 2007 following closure of two older plants and upgrading of two newer plants. No specific point source of contamination was identified. Non-IID Outbreaks: Twenty-two outbreaks of non-IID/gastroenteric diseases were notified in ...
Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases
... role in microbiology but with limited experience and training. This has been gradually expanded and modified to suit the needs also of more experienced laboratory practitioners; researchers; medical, medical laboratory science and science students; and medical practitioners. The work is in four part ...
... role in microbiology but with limited experience and training. This has been gradually expanded and modified to suit the needs also of more experienced laboratory practitioners; researchers; medical, medical laboratory science and science students; and medical practitioners. The work is in four part ...
who estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases
... the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Org ...
... the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Org ...
The global distribution of Crimean
... infectious tick bites, and those working in animal slaughterhouses being at risk for blood-borne exposure.16,17 Human-to-human transmission is possible, typically amongst healthcare workers or close relatives having close contact and exposure to infectious blood or bodily fluids of those infected wi ...
... infectious tick bites, and those working in animal slaughterhouses being at risk for blood-borne exposure.16,17 Human-to-human transmission is possible, typically amongst healthcare workers or close relatives having close contact and exposure to infectious blood or bodily fluids of those infected wi ...
J i t Cli i l M ti Joint Clinical Meeting
... z BCG long time ago z From area with high prevalence of TB z Known TB contact z ...
... z BCG long time ago z From area with high prevalence of TB z Known TB contact z ...
Characterization of outbreak response strategies and potential vaccine stockpile
... the prevalence of primary immunodeficiency disease patients with long-term iVDPV infections, including any patients infected with OPV used for outbreak response after OPV cessation [7]. Potential poliovirus exportations occur whenever a threshold number of infections accumulate in a subpopulation as ...
... the prevalence of primary immunodeficiency disease patients with long-term iVDPV infections, including any patients infected with OPV used for outbreak response after OPV cessation [7]. Potential poliovirus exportations occur whenever a threshold number of infections accumulate in a subpopulation as ...
MSFFG Salmonella Report
... (and therefore italicised) when isolated from the clinical condition, e.g. Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerae-suis, Salmonella abortus-ovis. Since the host specificity suggested by some of these earlier names does not exist (e.g. S. typhimurium and S. cholerae-suis are ubiquitous), names derived ...
... (and therefore italicised) when isolated from the clinical condition, e.g. Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerae-suis, Salmonella abortus-ovis. Since the host specificity suggested by some of these earlier names does not exist (e.g. S. typhimurium and S. cholerae-suis are ubiquitous), names derived ...
Public Health Guidelines on the Prevention and Care Facilities in Ireland 2013/2014
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of
... ten years. Healthy adults under age 65 do not require pneumococcal vaccine, but it is appropriate for those with chronic medical conditions. Influenza vaccine may be considered for those providing essential community services, health care workers, and those wishing to reduce the likelihood of becom ...
... ten years. Healthy adults under age 65 do not require pneumococcal vaccine, but it is appropriate for those with chronic medical conditions. Influenza vaccine may be considered for those providing essential community services, health care workers, and those wishing to reduce the likelihood of becom ...
Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union
... a booster dose of Td vaccine administered 20 years after primary immunization [33]. In 1989–1990, on the basis of serosurveys indicating low antibody levels in persons 140 years of age [29], Finland initiated a mass vaccination campaign targeted at adults. The strategy of spaced boosters has not bee ...
... a booster dose of Td vaccine administered 20 years after primary immunization [33]. In 1989–1990, on the basis of serosurveys indicating low antibody levels in persons 140 years of age [29], Finland initiated a mass vaccination campaign targeted at adults. The strategy of spaced boosters has not bee ...
Green Book: Chapter
... learning difficulties. Transmission can occur more readily in such institutions and immunisation of staff and residents is appropriate. Similar considerations apply in other institutions where standards of personal hygiene among clients or patients may be poor. sewage workers: raw, untreated sewage ...
... learning difficulties. Transmission can occur more readily in such institutions and immunisation of staff and residents is appropriate. Similar considerations apply in other institutions where standards of personal hygiene among clients or patients may be poor. sewage workers: raw, untreated sewage ...
Influenza vaccines
... for primary medical care/vaccination providers). Dosage and administration The preferred route of administration for influenza vaccines is by intramuscular injection; however, they may also be given by the subcutaneous route. The recommended vaccine dose volume varies by age and the number of vaccin ...
... for primary medical care/vaccination providers). Dosage and administration The preferred route of administration for influenza vaccines is by intramuscular injection; however, they may also be given by the subcutaneous route. The recommended vaccine dose volume varies by age and the number of vaccin ...
4.16 Rabies and other lyssaviruses
... The recommended schedule for PEP for previously unvaccinated immunocompromised persons consists of 5 doses of vaccine. The 1st dose of vaccine is given as soon as practicable (day 0), and subsequent doses are given on days 3, 7, 14 and 28; deviations of a few days from this schedule are probably uni ...
... The recommended schedule for PEP for previously unvaccinated immunocompromised persons consists of 5 doses of vaccine. The 1st dose of vaccine is given as soon as practicable (day 0), and subsequent doses are given on days 3, 7, 14 and 28; deviations of a few days from this schedule are probably uni ...
Preventing the spread of disease in the EU_02032010
... In the late 1960s, the Surgeon General of the United States of America is alleged to have said “it is time to close the book on infectious diseases, declare the war against pestilence won, and shift national resources to such chronic problems as cancer and heart disease". The last 40 years have show ...
... In the late 1960s, the Surgeon General of the United States of America is alleged to have said “it is time to close the book on infectious diseases, declare the war against pestilence won, and shift national resources to such chronic problems as cancer and heart disease". The last 40 years have show ...
The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series
... Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the main agent of human TB disease, was discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch. All members of the Mycobacterium genus are slender, non-motile rod, Gram-positive bacteria with the property of acid-fast (Ziehl-Nielsen) staining due to their complex mycolic acid-rich cel ...
... Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the main agent of human TB disease, was discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch. All members of the Mycobacterium genus are slender, non-motile rod, Gram-positive bacteria with the property of acid-fast (Ziehl-Nielsen) staining due to their complex mycolic acid-rich cel ...
anthrax - sfcdcp
... and travel to regional lymph nodes. The spores then germinate to become bacterial cells, which multiply in the lymphatic system and cause lymphadenitis of the mediastinal and peribronchial lymph nodes. The bacteria release toxins that cause hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis. Bacteria entering the bloo ...
... and travel to regional lymph nodes. The spores then germinate to become bacterial cells, which multiply in the lymphatic system and cause lymphadenitis of the mediastinal and peribronchial lymph nodes. The bacteria release toxins that cause hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis. Bacteria entering the bloo ...
Anthrax JULY 2008 - San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice
... spores. In total, 22 cases were identified, 11 with inhalational (five fatal), and 11 with cutaneous anthrax (seven confirmed, four suspected). Several countries have had anthrax weaponization programs in the past, including the United States. In 1979, an outbreak of anthrax in the Soviet Union resu ...
... spores. In total, 22 cases were identified, 11 with inhalational (five fatal), and 11 with cutaneous anthrax (seven confirmed, four suspected). Several countries have had anthrax weaponization programs in the past, including the United States. In 1979, an outbreak of anthrax in the Soviet Union resu ...
Plague as a Biological Weapon
... cal attack would be notably different than naturally occurring plague. Inhaled aerosolized Y pestis bacilli would cause primary pneumonic plague. The time from exposure to aerosolized plague bacilli until development of first symptoms in humans and nonhuman primates has been found to be 1 to 6 days ...
... cal attack would be notably different than naturally occurring plague. Inhaled aerosolized Y pestis bacilli would cause primary pneumonic plague. The time from exposure to aerosolized plague bacilli until development of first symptoms in humans and nonhuman primates has been found to be 1 to 6 days ...
Potential Strategies to Reduce the Burden of Pertussis
... Selective immunization of health care and child care workers would require workers to be immunized when they enter the profession or training and to receive regular boosters throughout their employment. The objectives of the strategy are to reduce transmission to susceptible groups (patients or infa ...
... Selective immunization of health care and child care workers would require workers to be immunized when they enter the profession or training and to receive regular boosters throughout their employment. The objectives of the strategy are to reduce transmission to susceptible groups (patients or infa ...
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a symptomatic bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. Weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches also commonly occur. Diarrhea and vomiting are uncommon. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever along with paratyphoid fever.The cause is the bacterium Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel to the developing world are also at risk. Humans are the only animal infected. Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium can be difficult. Bone marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious diseases. Typhus is a different disease.A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 50% to 70% of cases. The vaccine may be effective for up to seven years. It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others. Treatment of disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.In 2010 there were 27 million cases reported. The disease is most common in India, and children are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease. About 400 cases are reported and the disease is estimated to occur in about 6,000 people per year in the United States. In 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total). The risk of death may be as high as 25% without treatment, while with treatment it is between 1 and 4%. The name typhoid means ""resembling typhus"" due to the similarity in symptoms.