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Name______KEY___________
DNA Test Review
1. What is DNA (the definition) and what do the letters stand for? Molecule that stores genetic information in all
organisms
2. Where is DNA stored?__ in the nucleus of your cells____________________________
3. DNA is a __Double____ helix shape
4. DNA is a long chain made up of units called __Nucleotides__
5. Label the three parts of a nucleotide:
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
Sugar (deoxyribose)
6. List the four types of nucleotides:
_Adenine_________
_Guanine_________________
_Cytosine_________________
_Thymine__________________
7. Base pairing rules state that:
_Adenine_ always bonds with __Thymine___ and
__Guanine___ always bonds with ___Cytosine______
8. Complete the matching strand of DNA:
A
T
C
G
A
T
A
T
A
G
C
T
A
T
9.What is RNA made of?_____Ribose (sugar), Phosphate Group, Nitrogen Containing Base __________
10. Why does DNA replication happen?_ Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA
11. What are the four basic steps of DNA replication?
1.___DNA IS UNWOUND____________
2.___DNA POLYMERASE ADDS NUCLEOTIDES ACCORDING TO BASE PAIR RULES___
3.___THE STRAND IS PROOFREAD AS NUCLEOTIDES ARE ADDED___
4.___DNA POLYMERASE CONTINUES ADDING NUCLEOTIDES UNTIL A STOP SIGNAL IS REACHED__________
12. __mRNA________ is a temporary copy of DNA that is used during transcription and translation, then
destroyed after it is used
13. In RNA, the base pairs are the same except that __Uracil__ is used instead of thymine to pair
with adenine.
14. After the DNA strand unwinds and RNA polymerase copies one strand of DNA, where does the newly
copied strand (mRNA) go? ____It goes out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm and to a ribosome_______
15. What are the combined processes of transcription and translation also known as? Protein Synthesis
__________________________
__________________________
16. List the steps of transcription:
DNA strands unwind,
RNA polymerase copies one strand of DNA and creates a complementary strand of RNA nucleotides (known as
mRNA),
Once the gene has been copied, mRNA detaches from DNA,
mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
17. mRNA travels to a ___ribosome___ which is embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
18. A combination of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid is known as a ____Codon____
19. What is the combination of three nucleotides that tRNA uses to pair with codons?____anticodon______
20. List the steps of Translation:___________________________________________________________
1. mRNA moves out of nucleus and to cytoplasm
2. mRNA attaches to ribosome
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) decodes the mRNA into amino acids, which link together into proteins
4. Protein (chain of amino acids) detaches from ribosome and goes off to work in the cell
21. Complete a complimentary RNA strand to the DNA strand listed below:
A---U
G---C
C---G
A---U
T---A
A---U
C---G
G---C
22. Protein is a chain of amino acids
23. Define mutation A change or mistake in the DNA sequence
24. When is the only time mutations can be passed on to offspring?
If a mutation occurs in a sperm or egg cell, the mutation is passed on to offspring
25. List the three main causes of mutations and what they include:
1. _During DNA Replication--Base-pairing mistakes can happen but most are fixed
2. _Exposure to Powerful Chemicals--Cigarette smoke, smokeless tobacco, exhaust from burning petroleum
fuels, pesticides, herbicides, alcohol, sawdust from CCA lumber, paints, mineral spirits & oils, asbestos, etc.
3. _Exposure to powerful radiation--Gamma Rays (nuclear fuel & bombs), X rays (at hospitals & dental offices),
UV rays (from sunlight and tanning beds)
26. List which organelle each of the following processes occurs in:
Replication:_Nucleus
Transcription:_Nucleus
Translation:_Ribosomes
27. What does a DNA polymerase do? ____IT “GLUES” THE NEWLY BUILD STRAND OF DNA DURING
REPLICATION
28. What does a RNA polymerase do? IT “GLUES” THE COMPLIMENTARY STRAND OF RNA TOGETHER_____
29. The instructions for making proteins can be found in the ___DNA____. During transcription, a special copy of
the DNA is made. This special copy is called _____mRNA_______. The special copy of the instructions are then
transferred to the cytoplasm and then to the ___RIBOSOME______. At this location, amino acids are joined
together to make a protein. The protein is then sent to the Rough ER where it folds into its active shape for use
in the body.
28. Complete the following table (use the printed data below the table to find your amino acids).
Portion of
Transcribed
Tranlated tRNA
Translate the strand into amino acids
DNA strand
mRNA strand
strand
A
U
A
T
A
U
Methionine (start codon)
G
C
G
C
G
C
G
C
G
C
G
C
ARGININE
A
A
T
U
U
A
A
A
U
ASPARAGINE
C
C
C
U
G
G
G
C
C
C
PROLINE
30. DNA and RNA both contain sugars, nucleotide strands and bases. Name three things that make them
different from each other?
1.__DNA HAS DEOXYRIBOSE AS A SUGAR, RNA HAS RIBOSE AS A SUGAR_______
2._DNA HAS BASES A, T, C, G AND RNA HAS THE BASES A, U, C, G_______
3.__DNA HAS A DOUBLE STRAND AND RNA IS A SINGLE STRAND____