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T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Bio - Informatics
Bioinformatics is a synergistic study of both
biotechnology and information technology.
Genetic engineering helps the scientist to incorporate
a single gene into an organism, a single gene and the
synthesize of the desirable product without affecting
other genes and their functions.
In this way the biological systems or the microbial
systems are manipulated.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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BIOINFORMATICS
• Bioinformatics deals with the creation and
maintenance of databases of biological information
such as the nucleic acid, gene sequences and
protein sequences.
• It involves the data analysis or creation of electronic
databases on genomes and protein molecules.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Scope of Bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics helps to create an electronic
databases on genomes and protein sequences from
single celled organisms to multi-cellular organisms.
• It provides techniques by which three dimensional
models of bio-molecules could be understood along
with their structure and function.
• It integrates mathematical, statistical and
computational methods to analyses biological,
biochemical data and biophysical data .
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
EXIT
Scope of Bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics deals with methods for starting, retrieving and
analysing biological data such as nucleic acid (DNA /RNA)
and protein sequences , structure, functions pathways and
genetic interactions.
• The computational methods in bioinformatics extend
information for probing not only at genome level or protein
level but up to whole organism level, or ecosystem level of
organization.
• It provides genome level data for understanding normal
biological processes and explains the malfunctioning of
genes leading to diagnosing of diseases and designing of
new drugs.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Definition of Database
• Creating database means a coherent
collection of data with inherent meaning,
used for future application.
• Database is a general repository of
voluminous information or records to be
processed by a programme.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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DATABASES
GENERALIZED
DATABASES
SPECIALIZED
DATABASES
Structural organisation of DNA ,
protein,
carbohydrates
Databases of expressed sequences tags,
Genome survey sequences,
single nucleotide polymorphisms,
sequence tagged sites, RNA databases etc.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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GENERALIZED
DATABASES
SEQUENCE
DATABASES
STRUCTURE
DATABASES
Sequence databases are the sequence records of
either nucleotides
or amino acids
Structure databases are the individual records of
Macromolecular structures.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Nucleic acid sequence databases
• European Molecular Biology laboratory (EMBL).
• National Centre for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI).
• DNA data bank of Japan (DDBJ) are the three
premier institutes considered as the authorities in
the nucleotide sequence databases.
• They can be reached at
• www.ebi.ac.uk/embl (for EMBL)
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank (NCBI)
• www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp (DDBJ )
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Genome Sequencing :
• The genome of an organism can be split up different sized molecules by a
technique called electrophoresis.
• When DNA of an organism is subjected to electrophoresis they migrate
towards the positive electrode because DNA is a negatively charged
molecule.
• Smaller DNA fragments move faster than longer ones.
• By comparing the distances that the DNA fragments migrate, their number
of bases could be distinguished.
• The sequence of bases in the DNA fragments can be identified by
chemical / biochemical methods.
• Nowadays automated sequencing machines called SEUENATORS are
developed to read hundreds of bases in the DNA.
• the DNA sequence data are then stored in a computer accessible form
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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DNA library
A DNA library is a collection of DNA
fragments, which contains all the sequences
of a single organism.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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Uses of bioinformatics
• It helps to understand gene structure and protein
synthesis.
• It helps to know more about the diseases.
• It helps to understand more about the fundamental
biology and the thread of life – the DNA.
• It paves the way for the medical and bio engineering
applications.
• It helps to apply the biophysical and bio- technological
principles to biological studies.
• In turn, it will help to design new drugs and new chemical
compounds to be used in health and environmental
management respectively.
From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
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From
T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology..
EXIT