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Darwin s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!) After Darwin returned to England in 1836 he filled notebooks with his ideas species diversity and the process about _____________ evolution that he would later call _______. He did not rush to publish his ideas disagreed with the because they ________ beliefs of his fundamental scientific ______ day. He asked his wife to publish his ideas when he died ___. In 1858 another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote an _________________, Malaysia that essay describing his work in _______ summarized the same ideas Darwin _____ had been thinking about for 25 years! Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ Isn t evolution just a theory? A theory is a well-supported ____________, _______, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the theory of __________________, gravitational attraction cell ________, theory and _____________. atomic theory WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATION is found _________________ naturally in all populations WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE ______________________ means that members of each species must COMPETE ________ for food, space, and other RESOURCES __________. WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? Some organisms in a ________ population less likely to survive. are ________ WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST _____________________ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ ________, reproduce passing on their _____. genes VOCAB Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ____________ environment = fitness ______ VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any ___________________ of survival increases an organism s chance ______________ ADAPTATION = _____________ WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? Over time, natural selection CHANGES in the results in ________ inherited characteristics of a POPULATION __________. increase a These changes ______ species fitness _____ in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work? WHAT IS DARWIN S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ____________________________ suggests that each species has DESCENDED with CHANGES ___________, ________, from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living TO EACH OTHER species are RELATED ____________________, and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________________. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: selection 1. _Artificial _______________ 2. _Fossil _______________ record Geographic Distribution 3. _______________ Homologous structures 4. _______________ 5. _______________ Embryology DNA 6. _______________ 7. _______________ See Natural selection happen ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS In artificial selection, ____________ NATURE provides the _________ variation through _________ and sexual _________________ mutation reproduction and humans ______________ select those traits that they find ______. useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15th century to hunt badgers ____________________________ ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS THINK ABOUT IT Now you know what broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with evolution! (Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!) How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils ______ are the remains _______ _________________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth. How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth _____, while the fossils _____ found within life the rock tell a history of ___. The fossils are thought to be the ________ same age as the rock they are found in. Movement of Earth s Crust Section 15-2 Earthquakes and volcanoes cause uplifting of the layers of the Earth, taking the fossils along Sea level Fish die in the ocean and are covered in sediment. Over time and under increasing pressure, the remains becomes fossilized Go to Section: Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. Fossils of marine fish found on the mountainsides of southwest Wyoming, which at one time was covered by an inland sea TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND TIK-TAALIK TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers Earliest fish with a neck Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004 Fossil record shows change over time If Darwin s theory is correct you would expect to find closely ____________ related yet _______________ different species living in a _________ geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That s EXACTLY what we do see! REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have ______ to eating a variety _____ of foods _____. adapted If Darwin s theory is correct you would species also expect to find different _______________ living in far ________ apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more ________ alike similar ecosystems as they adapt to ______________. That s EXACTLY what we do see! Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design even though they are very _______ different organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Whales are closely related to wolves, but don t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution Figure 15–14 Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 15-3 Beaver Beaver and capybara are ______________ closely-related species _______ living in very ________ different environments, while beaver and musk-rat are _______________ distantly-related _______ species living in a ______ environment. similar Differences between beaver and capybara show _________ divergent evolution, while similarities between beaver and muskratGo show to convergent __________ evolution. Section: Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu Coypu and Capybara Differences between _____________ closely-related muskrat and coypu divergent show _________ evolution, while similarities between ______________ distantly-related capybara and coypu show convergent ___________ evolution. Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS _____________________ 4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very different _______, but are made from the __________, same bones because they are made from the same clump of _____________ undifferentiated cells in the _______. embryo Figure 15–15 Homologous Body Structures Section 15-3 Turtle Alligator Ancient lobe-finned fish Go to Section: Bird Mammal 4. Homologous Body Structures – Some _______________________ homologous body structures are _______ vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present, like ________in hipbones whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ tail and ________________in cecum (appendix) humans. Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria to digest plants called a _____. cecum In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. appendix It is our _________ Why grow a tail and then lose it? HUMAN EMBRYO _________________ has a tail at 4 weeks tail _________________ Tail disappears at _________________ about 8 weeks Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small longer they no _______ function ______ in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with ___ little or no function ________________? One explanation: code is present to make the organ, but The gene ________ _________________ function has been lost through ______________. change over time If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination. 5. _____________________ Similarities in Embryology ________ Embryos of many animals with backbones are very similar. It is clear that the same groups of _____________ undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, evolved from a suggesting that they all _______ _______________. common ancestor Similarities in DNA 6. _______________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ________ sequences suggest relatedness Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes karyotypes suggest an Similar _________ evolutionary relationship ___________________. PATTERN MATCHES 1. BANDING ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes apes have that we don t, and place them banding end to end, the ______ _______________ pattern is identical to the we #2 human chromosome __ have that they don t ________________. IN MIDDLE 2. TELOMERES ____________________ Chromosomes have special sequences called telomeres _______ at their ends to protect the strands during replication. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Telomere sequences are the ends and found at __________ _____________________ ALSO IN THE MIDDLE of human chromosome #2 suggesting it was made by fusing _____ two other chromosomes together. → → → EXTRA CENTROMERE 3. _________________ Chromosome #2 has a INACTIVE second __________ _____________ CENTROMERE region → THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!) Did you ever wonder why dogs and cats don t need to eat ________, fresh fruit but YOU _______? DO Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own VITAMIN C but humans need to eat _________, fresh fruit or they end up with ________. SCURVY Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________. NONFUNCTIONAL Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________. PSEUDOGENES EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional ___________. WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW? Can see Natural selection happen 7.____________________________ EX: Peppered Moths Typica Carbonaria There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths. Typica form - lighter ________________ Carbonaria form - darker ___________________ The ___________ light colored form was the predominant form in England _____________________________. prior to the Industrial Revolution Around the middle of the 19th century the ______ darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the ______ colored moths lighter have increased in numbers. Can see Natural selection happen 7.____________________________ EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new __________. diseases _______ Bird flu HIV ___ __________________________ Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS Isn t Evolution Just a Theory? QuickTime Who was Charles Darwin? QuickTime How Do we Know Evolution Happens? QuickTime How Does Evolution Really Work? QuickTime | Why Does Evolution Matter Now? QuickTime Why is Evolution Controversial Anyway? QuickTime