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Download Biology Chapter 2 Organic Molecules 9-26
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Organic Molecules Carbon is very important to organic molecules. Look at the molecules below. In how many places can carbon bond? What about Hydrogen? Oxygen? Some molecules are very willing to interact with water. Based on what you know about a water molecule, what characteristic do these water-loving molecules have in common? What is another name for water-loving? (Hint: the prefix for water + the ending -philic) Some molecules aren’t very willing to interact with water. Based on what you know about a water molecule, what characteristic do these water-fearing molecules have in common? What is another name for water-fearing? (Hint: the prefix for water + an ending that means persistent fear) Organic Molecules Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell. It can form the following number of bonds. Notice that in each case below, there are a total of four bonds. 4 single bonds two double bonds one double bond and two single bonds one triple and one single bond Acetylene Ethylene Long chains of carbon atoms are common. The chains may be branched or form rings. Organic Molecules Some molecules are hydrophobic (means "water fearing"). They do not dissolve in water. Nonpolar molecules and functional groups are hydrophobic. Polar and ionic molecules and functional groups are hydrophilic. Some molecules are hydrophilic (means "water loving"). They dissolve in water. Functional Groups Functional Groups - Groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that behave/react in known ways. Methyl Lipids Monomers and Polymers What does the prefix Mono- mean? ___________________ Poly-? _______________ Look at the pictures below. Based on your knowledge, circle the pictures that represent monomers. Draw boxes around the polymers. What is the relationship between monomer and polymers? Building and Breaking Polymers 1. Is the product of the above reaction more or less complex than the reactants? 1. Is the product of the above reaction more or less complex than the reactants? 2. What molecule is released/produced while forming the products? 2. What molecule is used to break the reactant producing the products? 3. Why do you think this reaction is called a dehydration synthesis reaction? 3. Why do you think this reaction is called hydrolysis? Building and Breaking Polymers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZLXBSo Polymers like polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids are made from different monomers, but they are all built and broken in the same way. Monomer – 1 unit HO- -OH Dimer – 2 units HO- -O - Polymer – 3+ units HO- -O- -OH -O- -O- -OH Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction that takes smaller, simpler molecules and combines them to form larger, more complex molecules with the removal of one WATER molecule. Dehydration = taking water out Synthesis = putting together Is a Dehydration Synthesis Reaction happening below? Hydrolysis The opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis is called hydrolysis. This involves adding water to break apart large molecules into smaller ones. hydro = water.......lysis = breaking apart Review Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Carbohydrates 1. Look at the monosaccharides (single sugars) below. How many different elements do they contain? What are they? 2. How would you describe the general shape of these monosaccharides? 3. Look at the polysaccharides below. What monosaccharide is used to build all of these big sugars? 4. What atom is between each monosaccharide in the polysaccharides? 5. What reaction links two monsaccharides together? What molecule is released as a waste product? Macromolecules A. Carbohydrates Main function - provide energy for living things; also use carbon skeleton to make organic molecules the body needs. Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Simple sugars – Single sugar monomers and disaccharides Complex sugars – Many sugar monomers bonded together Monosaccharides (mono = single, saccharide = sugar) Single sugar monomer Most small sugars end in –ose Most have the ratio: CH2O Carbo (C) Hydrate (H2O) Glucose: C6H12O6 Fructose: C6H12O6 Galactose: C6H12O6 The structural differences give them their unique properties. Fructose sweeter than glucose Some sugars have 3 to 7 carbon atoms Disaccharides (Di = 2) 2 sugar monomers bonded together Made by what type of reaction? Dehydration Synthesis Reaction How many water molecules were released? Examples: Maltose – Glucose + Glucose – Malt sugar 1 Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose – Plant sugar Lactose – Glucose + Galactose – Milk sugar Polysaccharides (Poly = many) 3 or more sugar monomers bonded together Made by what type of reaction? Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Starch Structure: Looping chain of glucose monomers Branch or unbranched Function: Plant sugar storage How is the sugar released? Hydrolysis Foods: Potatoes and grains (wheat, corn and rice) Glycogen Structure: Highly branching chains of glucose monomers Function: Animal sugar storage How is the sugar released? Hydrolysis Food: Liver and muscle cells Cellulose Structure: Unbranched rod of glucose monomers Hydrogen bonds hold rods together Function: structural compounds (support and protection) Food: Fruits, vegetables, grains How is the sugar released? o Hydrolysis by some organisms. We can’t hydrolyze these polysaccharides Organic Molecules – Crash Course http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0 Introduction and Carbohydrates - Start – 7:07 Lipids - 7:07 – 10:45 Proteins - 10:45 - End Lipids 1. Look at the 2 different fatty acids below. What is the main difference between them? 2. How does the difference affect their shape? 3. Look at the molecule of Fat below. How many fatty acid molecules make up this fat and of what type(s)? 4. Look at the molecule of Oil below. How many fatty acid molecules make up this oil and of what type(s)? 5. What is the main difference between fats and oils? B. Lipids Very Diverse – All hydrophobic = water fearing Fats/Oils o Main functions: Energy Storage, cushion organs, insulate o Building blocks: Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids Triglyceride Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen How many water molecules produced? 3 Saturated fats: Carbon chains hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. NO carbon = carbon double bonds Solid at room temperature Animal fats Not healthy Unsaturated fats: Carbon chains don’t hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Carbon = Carbon double bonds (C=C) Liquid (liquid-like) at room temperature Fish, plant fat More healthy Hydrogenated – Hydrogen atoms have been added to molecules to make them saturated. “Trans” fats are linked to heart disease. Phospholipids o Main function: Structural component of the plasma membrane o Building blocks: Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acids and Phosphate group Waxes o Main function: Retain water Fruits and insects o Building Blocks: Alcohol + Fatty Acid Steroids o Main functions: Hormones, cell membrane components Cholesterol Sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) o Structure: 4 fused carbon rings ( 3, 6-sided and 1, 5-sided) Anabolic Steroids – synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone. Mimic effects: muscle buildup and bone mass Side effects – “steRoid rage”, depression, liver damage, cancer, high blood pressure, shrunken testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility and breast enlargement. Women – menstrual cycle disruption and masculine characteristics. Teens – stops bone growth, stunts growth Proteins Look at the three amino acids below. Each one has a “central” carbon. Besides this central carbon, what else is shared by all three amino acids? 1. Look at the picture below. How many levels are there to protein structure? 2. What is the first level of protein structure? 3. What type of bond allows the secondary structure to fold into an alpha helix or pleated sheet? 4. What does the 4th level of protein structure consist of? Enzymes Look at the two graphs. Each contains two lines, one with an enzyme and one without an enzyme. Do the reactants or products change depending on whether the reaction includes an enzyme or not? How do you know? What is different about the reaction when an enzyme is involved? What letter from the graph at the left corresponds to the energy released from the reaction with or without an enzyme? C. Proteins Main function: necessary for growth/repair of tissues, found in cell membranes, enzymes, immune system signals, communication and other functions. Protein structure determines its function Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur (some) Monomer Building Block: Amino Acids (20) Type, number and order make each protein different o Like letters in the English language Amino Acids Each amino acid has 4 parts around a central carbon atom: R-Group or Side Group R-Group or Side group – A variable part of an amino acid o Could be a Hydrogen atom o Could be a collection of atoms Determines the specific properties of each amino acid o Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic Dipeptides and Polypeptides The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid can join together by dehydration synthesis to form a peptide bond. Additional amino acids added = Polypeptide Peptide Bond A protein’s shape determines its function If you change the shape, you change (possibly lose) function. o This could lead to a protein that doesn’t function properly and the death of the organism. Protein Structure Primary Structure (1o) – unique sequence of the amino acids. Second Structure (2o) – Hydrogen bonding causes the primary structure to fold onto itself Alpha helix – spiral Pleated sheet – folds Denaturation – unraveling the specific shape of a polypeptide and changing its function Break the hydrogen bonds in the Secondary Structure o pH, high temperatures, salt concentration Tertiary Structure (3o) – the protein takes on 3-D shape because of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups. Quaternary Structure (4o) – 2 or more tertiary structures bonded together. Collagen – fibrous protein Hemoglobin Denaturation – unraveling the specific shape of a polypeptide and changing its function Break the hydrogen bonds in the Secondary Structure o pH, high temperatures, salt concentration Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Cells must invest energy to start chemical reactions. Energy of Activation (EA) or Activation Energy - the energy that must be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. o What does the energy do? Contorts or weaken bonds before the reaction forms new bonds. If cells need certain chemical reactions to happen quickly, why not increase kinetic energy (heat)? Speed up all chemical reactions (not good) Denature proteins Why use enzymes (special enzyme catalysts)? Speed up specific chemical reactions by lowering the Energy of Activation. o How do they work? Position molecules for bonding or weaken bonds before breaking. Enzymes are proteins. Remember protein shape is important to function. Enzymes generally end in –ase and are named after the substrate they bind. Enzymes Are Specific Enzymes are proteins whose 3-D shape determines their function/role in a chemical reaction. The reactant(s) that a specific enzymes acts upon is called the substrate. The specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site. Enzymes catalyze specific reactions because only certain substrate molecules fit into the active site. o When the substrate binds to the active site, the shape changes to weaken bonds for breaking or positions molecules close together for bonding. Enzyme hydrolysis of sucrose Enzymes and Environmental Conditions An enzyme’s shape determines its function, and the shape can be affected by the environment. Enzymes are most effective under specific conditions. Temperature – close to normal cell/body temperature Salinity – high salt ions interfere with chemical bonds pH – close to neutral, H+ interfere with bonding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PILzvT3spCQ Nucleic Acids 1. Is DNA single stranded or double stranded? 2. Is RNA single stranded or double stranded? 3. What is the monomer used to build Nucleic Acids? 4. How many parts are needed to build a nucleotide? What are the parts? 5. What is different about the sugar found in DNA and RNA? 6. What four bases (letters) are found in DNA? 7. What four bases (letters) are found in RNA? 8. What letters pair together in DNA? 9. What kk two parts of a nucleotide make up the “backbone” of DNA and RNA? 10. What holds the two strands of DNA to each other? D. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) Observations – Similarities : Differences Nucleic Acids Main function: Information storage DNA – Long-term all genes RNA – Short-term 1 gene Gene – a specific portion of a DNA molecule that codes for the production of a specific amino acid sequence (protein). DNA RNA Primary sequence of a protein Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Monomer Building Block: Nucleotide Nucleotide – Made of 3 subparts A. Five–Carbon sugar a. Deoxyribose for DNA b. Ribose for RNA B. Phosphate Group C. Nitrogenous Base a. Adenine (A) – DNA and RNA b. Guanine (G) – DNA and RNA c. Cytosine (C) – DNA and RNA d. Thymine (T) – DNA e. Uracil (U) – Purines Pyrimidines RNA Polynucleotides are formed by Dehydration Synthesis Reactions The phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next monomer to form a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA usually has a single sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is a double helix – two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other. Backbone on the outside Nitrogenous bases protrude inward and pair together oA T oG C What do the lines represent? Hydrogen Bonds http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/04%20Biochemis try/00%20Biochemistry--WHOLE.htm