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Background Organisms that are able to make their own food using light energy are called producers or ______ ___________ Heterotrophs get their energy from consuming other_ _______________ The energy living things use is in the form of _______________ energy This means the energy is stored in the chemical ____ of compounds like glucose and ATP ________________ = energy used to perform functions ****like ______________***** The energy is ___ _____ when those bonds are broken *Fig 8-3 on p203 (ATP as a charged battery) CH 8: Photosynthesis *Plants and some other living things use ______________energy from the _________ to make food. *_________(adenosine diphosphate) is a compound similar to ATP, but it only has one __________________ group. When energy is available, a cell can store small amounts of energy by_____________a phosphate group to form ATP ADP + ______ ATP *Energy stored in ATP is _____________________ by breaking the bon between the ____________ phosphate groups ATP ADP + P + Energy Photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight to convert water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into high energy sugars (c6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) Photosynthesis Equation: ENERGY + ________ + 6CO2 water carbon dioxide C6H12O6 + ________ glucose oxygen Page 1 of 6 *think about it: doesn’t this equation make sense? Plant use ___________________……..plants use carbon dioxide and release ____________ In the equation the carbon dioxide is located in the ____________ side while oxygen is located in the _________________ Where do plants get the carbon dioxide from? Plants use the _____________ produced in photosynthesis to make bigger carbohydrates such as __________________ What pigment found in the _____________________ absorbs the sun’s energy and also turns plants green by absorbing the other colors in the spectrum (red, yellow, orange, blue, violet) and reflecting green? ________________________ Inside the chloroplast are saclike _________________________ that organize chlorophyll so it can collect the sun’s energy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MORE DETAIL Photosynthesis occurs in _____ steps: Step 1: _____________________________Reaction- produce oxygen gas and convert ADP to NADP+ into ATP and NADPH 1. _________________ absorbs light in the red and blue/violet regions of the visible light spectrum 2. The light energy generates ______________________ electrons which are converted into ATP 3. Some splits ____________into OXYGEN gas (O2), Hydrogen Ions, and electrons The majority is used by the cell to make ____________ (C6H12O6) in the next step Step 2: _________________________________ (The Calvin Cycle)uses ATP and NADPH from light dependent reaction to produce high energy sugars 1. Does not need _______________ to happen 2. Takes place in ________________ of the chloroplast Page 2 of 6 3. Happens ______________________ during photosynthesis to take CO2 and turn it into sugars *Figure 8-7 on p 209 = overview *Photosynthesis reverses entropy by creating HIGH energy ________ from ____________ energy compounds (H2O and CO2) *photosynthesis can be effected by the amount of __________, water and _____________________ It _______________ energy!!! *****REMEMBER THIS EQUATION***** ______________________ Equation: ENERGY + 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 water carbon glucose oxygen dioxide Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration How much energy is actually present in food? 1g of glucose (sugar), when burned in the presence of ______________, releases 3811 calories of heat energy ___________- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree Celsius 1000calories= 1 kcal or Calorie Cellular Respiration: the process that ______________________________________________________ -occurs in the _________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION: C6H12O6 + ____ 6CO2 + ______ + ENERGY glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide What does this equation look like? ___________________________ What is different? ___________________________________ *think about it: doesn’t this make sense? Page 3 of 6 In photosynthesis……..plants used carbon dioxide and released oxygen In that equation the carbon dioxide was located in the reactants side while the oxygen was located in the products In cellular respiration………. we use _____________(sugar) and ___________ to make energy. We release carbon dioxide and water. Humans _________________ to help us make energy. (look at above equation) *Think about it: doesn’t this make sense? If humans stopped breathing they could no longer make the energy needed to perform basic functions like moving muscles What is ATP_____________________________________________________ ____________ ATP ADP HOW? Cellular Respiration occurs in 3 steps: 1. ____ _______ -occurs in cytoplasm -produces _____________________________________ - also produces _________ ______________________is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, producing 4 ATP molecules. An initial input of 2 ATP molecules is required to start glycolysis; thus, there is a net gain of ___________ ATP molecules. This process produces high-energy electrons, which are passed to NAD+ forming 2 NADH. If oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. If ____________ is not present, glycolysis is followed by the rest of fermentation. Page 4 of 6 IF OXYGEN IS PRESENT THEN THE FOLLOWING 2 STEPS OCCUR *****This term is called aerobic***** 2. _ _______________ -occurs in mitochondria 3. ___ ____________ -get _ ________ The ______________________________ uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. High-energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next. Every 2 high-energy electrons that move down the chain result in enough energy to convert 3 ADP molecules to 3 ATP molecules, on average. Cellular Respiration Produces _____________ total!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Glycolysis is followed by _____________________ if NO_____________________ IS PRESENT ****this term is called _________________***** Fermentation 2 main types 1.)__________________________: produces carbon dioxide and alcohol Examples: yeast – bread dough rising 2.)___________________________: produces lactic acid Examples: lactic acid is produced in your muscles during ________________________when the body cannot produce enough oxygen to the tissues -causes painful, burning sensation Both main types of fermentation (lactic acid and alcohol fermentation) release energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeasts and a few other microorganisms, and its products are alcohol, CO2, and NAD+. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and some unicellular organisms, and its products are lactic acid and NAD+. Page 5 of 6 Which pathway represents alcohol fermentation? __________ Lactic acid fermentation? ________ Cellular respiration? __________ What huge difference do you notice between the pathways? _____________________________________________________ Page 6 of 6