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Genes are read and copied before use! The instructions that are needed by the cell are copied from the DNA into a similar molecule called RNA DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA: RiboNucleic Acid The nucleus READS the genes and sends INSTRUCTIONS in the form of RNA “messages” Nucleus Each gene is copied into RNA when it is needed by the cell What Kind of Stuff Are You Made Of? Nerve cells Muscle cells Cells: The fundamental unit of life The building blocks of bodies We are each made of 100 trillion cells! Red blood cells Cells lining the small intestine Fat cells Cells lining a tubule http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html Cell types in the stomach Different Cell Types Make Different Organs Nerve cells Muscle cells Each cell type does a different job What makes cells different They must not get “mixed up”! from each other? What makes these cells differentiate? Red blood cells Gene Expression Cells lining the small intestine Cells lining a tubule Fat cells http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html Cell types in the stomach Flow of Genetic Information: DNA to RNA to Protein DNA (GENE) mRNA mRNA DNA is copied into RNA: DNA letters copied into RNA code. AAAAAAAAAA Messenger RNA The RNA code specifies the order of amino acid building blocks in the protein. PROTEINS The amino acid chain folds to make a functional 3D protein. A DNA Spelling Mistake Can Alter the Protein Chain START ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD STOP ATG TTC AGG CCA AAT TTT GTC GCG UAA GGA ATT Spelling Mistake The DNA “word” TTC is changed to TTT ATG TTT AGG CCA AAT TTT GTC GCG TTC to TTT spelling change causes a different protein building block to be inserted in the second position. That is all it takes.