Download Review for Quarter 1 10-29-2013

SEAT ____ _____
NAME _________________________________ period _____________
Biology HW due Mon 10-28-13 Chapter 31.2 Immune System text p.945-948
Why do we consider our skin as
our primary line of defense?
Skin is a physical barrier that prevents pathogens like bacteria
from invading our tissues that lie beneath the skin.
What is it about mucus that
provides protection from
pathogens?
Mucus is sticky, so it traps pathogens and keeps them from
spreading.
What is a phagocyte, and how
does it protect us?
What is another word for
lymphocyte, and what are two
types of lymphocytes?
What macromolecule makes up
antibodies?
How do antibodies help
phagocytes protect us?
Why is an interferon like a
warning bell?
A phagocyte is any cell capable of phagocytosing pathogens;
typically, these are white blood cells the engulf pathogens and
keep their populations low.
A lymphocyte is another word for white blood cell; there are Tcells, and B-cells.
Antibodies are made of the macromolecule (AKA polymer)
protein, which in turn is made of monomers called amino acids.
Antibodies are like molecular handcuffs; they clump pathogens
together to keep them from escaping phagocytosis. That way, a
phagocyte can phagocytose more than one pathogen at a time.
Interferons are produced by one of your cells that’s been invaded
by viruses. Interferons tell uninfected nearby cells to get ready
for the invasion.
SUMMARY
Our immune system is made of up three basic sub-systems: The primary system (skin, sweat, mucus); the
cellular immunity system (T-cells and other phagocytes that perform phagocytosis); and the humoral
immunity system (antibodies produced by activated B-cells).
SEAT ____ _____
NAME _________________________________ period _____________
Biology HW due Mon 10-28-13 Chapter 31.3 Immune Response text p.950-954
What happens during
inflammation, and how does this
help protect us?
The blood vessels expand in diameter, allowing more blood flow,
and therefore more white blood cells to move into the injured
area.
Why is fever sometimes a good
thing?
Because there’s more blood, and blood is warm, this means the
affected area is warmed up; this tends to keep pathogens like
bacteria from growing because they have less tolerance for high
temperatures.
Why are your facial features a
good analogy for antigens?
Your face is your identity. Different types of cells and pathogens
have different antigens, and these are their identity. It’s how your
white blood cells can tell which cells belong in your body, and
which are foreign, and need to be phagocytosed.
How do white blood cells use
antigens in their protective role?
Why are memory cells so
efficient at wiping out an
invading pathogen?
What’s the difference between an
activated T-cell and a nonactivated T-cell?
How do B-cell and T-cells work
together to provide humoral
immunity?
White blood cells recognize foreign antigens on pathogens, and
this tells the WBC to phagocytose that particular cell.
Memory cells are responsible for making antibodies, which act
like molecular handcuffs to clump pathogens together to make it
easier to phagocytose multiple pathogens at once.
A non-activated T-cell has not yet been introduced to a new
pathogen, so it has not memory of its antigens yet. Once
activated, that T-cell will “teach” a B-cell to make antibodies
with a lock-and-key fit for that antigen.
Activated T-cells will activate B-cells, teaching them to make
specific antibodies for specific antigens that characterize specific
pathogens.
SUMMARY
If pathogens get through the skin (your primary defense), cellular and humoral immunity kicks in. Once a
T-cell engulfs a pathogen, it teaches a B-cell all about the antigen on that pathogen. That activated B-cell
can now make antibodies in preparation for future invasions.