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HISTORY “A Belgian alchemist and physician, Johannes van Helmont (1579-1644) first used the term “gas” to denote “wild spirits” that could be neither constrained by vessles nor recuded to a bisible body. He described a number of different gases, notably that produced from the burning of charcoal, the fermentation of wine, and the action of distilled vinegar on limestone, and in emanations from mineral waters. This was, of course, what we now know as carbon dioxide.” Joseph Black (1728-1799) “showed that "Magnesia Alba" (magne- sium carbonate) is a compound of an alkaline earth and a gas which he called "fixed air." This was the same gas that was released in the treatment of chalk with acid, in fermenting alcohol, and in burning charcoal. It combined with quicklime to produce a chalky noncaustic material. In studying its properties he found that a burning candle was extinguished when dipped into fixed air, as was the flame of a burning paper. Small animals placed in fixed air did not survive. The air produced in respiration was in part fixed air, which was heavier than common air. “ “Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) to determine the composition of Black's fixed air. He showed that oxygen, which he at first called "eminently respirable air," combines with carbon to produce a substance he named "chalky aeroform acid” “Jan Ingen-Housz (1799) showed that the carbon in plants is taken up from the carbon dioxide in the air and not from the humus in the soil, as was then generally believed.” “John Tyndall measured the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor and showed that the quantities of these substances present in the atmosphere significantly raise the earth's temperature.” “By the end of the nineteenth century it was realized that the carbon dioxide content of the air was probably increasing, because of the large- scale combustion of coal that had begun during previous decades.” “Chamberlin and Arrhenius were in believing that atmospheric CO2 was much lower during glacial times than at present” Revelle, Roger. "Introduction: The scientific history of carbon dioxide." The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO: Natural Variations Archean to Present (1985): 1-4. PRODUCTION “On the other hand, the production of CO, by kilning of limestone adds 1 to 2 % to the annual totals. The cumulative increase in carbon in the short term carbon cycle, owing to man’s industrial and domestic activities up to 1970, is estimated to be 1.12+ 0.14A10’’g (4.1k0.5x10’7gCO,),or about 18%oftheamountofCO,intheatmo- sphere during the late nineteenth century. “ “The combustion of fossil fuels by world industry is causing an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in reservoirs which exchange this gas rapidly with the air, including all surface and some deep waters of the oceans” Keeling, Charles D. "Industrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone." Tellus 25.2 (1973): 174-198. “CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including small contribuions from cement production and gas flaring, were 8.7% in 2008, an increase of 2.0% on 2007, 29% on 2000 and 41% above emission sin 1990. Emissions increased at a rate of 3.4% year between 2000 and 2008, compared with 1.0% year in the 1900s” “CO2 emissions has been dominated by countries that do not have emissions limitations in the so-called non-Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, where emissions have more than doubled in that time” “emissions from LUC (land-use change) are the second-largest anthropogenic source of CO2. Deforestation, logging, and intensive cultivation of cropland soils emit CO2” ….”9.9% in 2008 due to LUC including fire emissions associated with deforestation” Le Quéré, Corinne, et al. "Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide." Nature Geoscience 2.12 (2009): 831-836. CO2 IN DAILY LIFE- USES/IN THE ATMOSPHERE Precursor to chemicals, foods, inert gas, fire extinguisher, solvent, oil recovery, bio transformation into fuel, refrigerant, coal bed methane recovery…. uses listed for carbon dioxide on Wikipedia site but no academic articles.. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important long-lived trace gas in Earth's atmosphere currently constituting about 0.04% (400 parts per million) of the atmosphere. Despite its relatively small overall concentration, CO2 is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a vital role in regulating Earth's surface temperature through radiative forcing and the greenhouse effect: CO2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode).[1] From wikipedia GREENHOUSE EFFECT/GLOBAL WARMING “carbon dioxide emissions account for 80% of the contribution to global warming of current greenhouse gas emissions” Lashof, Daniel A., and Dilip R. Ahuja. "Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming." (1990): 529-531. “Global warming from the increase in greenhouse gases has become a major scientific and political issue during the past decade. That infrared radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and particles in a planetary atmosphere and that the atmospheric CO2 level has increased by some 25 percent since 1850 because of fossil fuel combustion and land use (largely deforestation)” Schneider, Stephen H. "The greenhouse effect: science and policy." Science 243.4892 (1989): 771-781. atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased to over 390 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming which is mostly attributed to human CO2 emissions. From Wikipedia.. Looked forever for a quote connecting greenhouse effect and global warming on google scholar IMPACTS TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS “almost half of the CO2 produced in the past 200 years by burning fossil fuels and cement manufacture has been absorbed by the oceans. This has already resulted in a change to ocean chemistry, reducing surface seawater pH by about 0.1 units, which corresponds to an increase of about 30% in the concentration of hydrogen ions” “Our results indicate that atmospheric release of CO2 will produce changes in the ocean chemistry that could affect marine ecosystems significantly, even under future pathways in which most of the remaining fossil fuel CO2 is never released. Thus chemical effects of CO2 on the marine environment may be as great a cause for concern as the radiative effects of CO2 on Earth’s climate” Caldeira, Ken, and Michael E. Wickett. "Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978–2012) 110.C9 (2005). “the influence of ocean acidification (from CO2) on marine organisms…. Could include decreased reproductive potential, slower growth or increased susceptibility to disease. These responses could have cascading effects through food webs, with possible consequences for ecosystem structure and elemental cycling Raven, John, et al. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The Royal Society, 2005. CLIMATE/AGRICULTURAL EFFECTS “Anthropogenic carbon dioxide will cause irrevocable sea level rise… warming causes the ocean to expand and sea levels to rise.. loss of land ice also makes contributions to se level rise” Solomon, Susan, et al. "Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 106.6 (2009): 1704-1709. “climate change was found to increase the disparities in cereal production between developed and developing countries. Whereas production in developed world benefited from climate change, production in the developing nations declines. Adaptation at the farm-level did little to reduce disparities, with the developing world suffering the losses. Cereal prices, and thus the population at risk of hunger, increased” Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Martin L. Parry. "Potential impact of climate change on world food supply." Nature 367.6459 (1994): 133-138. “for the core areas of mid-latitude cereal regions of North American ad Europe, an increase in average temperature would decrease yields… a 2ºC increase may decrease yields in those areas by 3 to 17 percent” Warrick, R. A. "Carbon dioxide, climatic change and agriculture." Geographical journal (1988): 221-233. HEALTH EFFECTS “mean arterial blood pressure rose significantly during the CO2 ….inhalations” Kety, Seymour S., and Carl F. Schmidt. "The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men." Journal of Clinical Investigation 27.4 (1948): 484. Carbon dioxide toxicity- dimmed sight, reduced hearing, shortness of breath, muscle tremor, drowsiness, mild narcosis, dizziness, confusion, headache, unconsciousness, sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure ^all listed in Wikipedia and articles listed on your topic sheet but can not find google scholar articles supporting this By reducing air pollution levels, countries can reduce the burden of disease from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ - article give on Dr. Hammer’s topics to write about REGULATIONS “US remains the only industrialized country without a policy on carbon dioxide” Porter, Michael. "America's green strategy." Business and the Environment: A Reader 33 (1996). "WHO Air Quality Guidelines" estimate that reducing annual average particulate matter (PM10) concentrations from levels of 70 μg/m3, common in many developing cities, to the WHO guideline level of 20 μg/m3, could reduce air pollution-related deaths by around 15%. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ - article given on Dr. Hammer’s topics to write about