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Topic: Genetics Aim: Why do offspring look similar to their parents? Do Now: 1.) List the similarities you notice amongst the family members 2.) State why they may have the same features What is Genetics? The study of how variations of traits are inherited (or passed down) through living organisms Key Words gene Alleles DNA Chromosomes Parent & offspring Heredity How are organisms genetically structured? Living organisms contain chromosomes ___________________ inside of their nucleus which are made up of strands of ___________. This carries the DNA hereditary information for the organism. Sections of the DNA ____ code for a particular gene ________ that makes a specific trait. Who was the Father of Genetics? Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 •He was a monk and gardener who studied Math and Science •He was the 1st to study heredity in pea plants •He was 1st to trace one trait passed down through several generations How did Mendel study pea plants? •He pollinated two parent pea plants and observed and recorded the traits of the new plant He referred to the traits as: Dominant- Seen often (Common) or Recessive- Not seen often (Uncommon) Why Pea plants to study traits? •Pea plants have fewer traits •Can grow in a large amount (quantity) •He could control the plants he desired to mate in his experiment Topic: Genetics Aim: How can we examine the inherited traits found in offspring? How do scientist today trace traits? •One or more genes found at the same point on the chromosomes represents a trait •Each person has a pair of genes for each trait •One Allele from MOM •One Allele from DAD Alleles •Each trait is represented by two versions called alleles •One person may have two of the same version or one of each version •The dominant allele is represented by a CAPITAL letter and the recessive is represented by a lower case letter EXAMPLE: TRAIT Dimples ALLELES Dimples Dominant no dimples Recessive Principles of Genetics • Traits are passed on from one generation to the next. • Traits are controlled by genes. • Organisms inherit genes in pairs (2 alleles for every trait, 1 on each strand). • Some genes are dominant, some are recessive. • Dominant genes hide recessive genes when both are inherited by an organism. • Some genes are neither dominant nor recessive (incomplete dominance) What do scientists study in understanding a trait? Phenotype Is the physical appearance (___________) feature expressed (__________)by the shown organism because of their genotype Genotype It is the combination of alleles (genes) in the chromosomes that determine a specific characteristic (trait) There are many types of Alleles for a trait Alleles can be Dominant _____________ or_____________ Recessive 1 mom & 1 dad When the dominant allele is present the recessive trait is not seen in the phenotype Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Brown Eyes How many ways can alleles be represented? Heterozygous Two different alleles present in the organism Homozygous Two of the same alleles present in the organism Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive How do the genotype It is based upon the help determine the variations of alleles found phenotype in human on the organisms? chromosomes __________________that each parent gives the offspring during the proces of Fertilization _______________________. TOPIC: Genetics AIM: What are Punnett Squares? DO NOW: Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype Punnett Squares • Special chart • Shows probability of possible gene combinations of offspring between 2 organisms What is probability? The possibility that an event may or may not happen • ¼ = 25% • 2/4 = 50% • 3/4 = 75% • 4/4 = 100% Steps to using a Punnett Square Step # 1 – Draw Punnett square Step # 2 – Apply maternal and paternal genotypes Step # 3 – Move alleles into appropriate boxes Steps to reading a Punnett Square Trait – Hair color Allele – Purple (Dom), Yellow (Rec) Step #1- Classify Genotypes Step # 2- Tally genotypes and phenotypes Step # 3-Calulate ratios and percentages Genotypes Phenotype 1 BB 2 Bb 1 bb 3 Purple 1 Yellow Homozygous Dominant Heterozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive Heterozygous X Heterozygous Heterozygous X Homozygous recessive Heterozygous X Homozygous recessive Homozygous Dominant X Homozygous Recessive Is the range of differences between a male and female Biologically, male and females traits differ in sex ___________which are determined by____________________ genes Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes. FEMALE MALE Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Chromosomes determine gender. MOM DAD A technique that involves a photograph of the chromosomes from a nucleus that are paired and arranged in size order. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes and the last pair are sex chromosomes. When the chromosomes are different they are an X and a Y therefore it is a male