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Rome
Mythical Founding of Rome
• Romulus and Remus
• Twin brothers are abandoned in a
basket on the Tiber River
• Found and suckled by a she-wolf
• Eventually adopted by a shepherd
• The brothers quarreled over where
to begin a new city
• When neither would be convinced of
the others location, Remus mocked
Romulus
• Romulus, kills Remus and founds
the city of Rome (753 B.C.)
• Romulus rules the new city and invites
all to come and live freely
• Populated by runaway slaves,
exiles, criminals, and other castoffs
Geography
• Italian peninsula looks like a
boot.
• The peninsula is centrally
located in the Mediterranean
Sea, and Rome is in the
center of Italy
• Much easier to unify then
Greece.
• Rome is built on 7 hills along
the Tiber River
• Fertile soil and strategic
position
• Long warm growing seasons
and short mild winters
Peoples
• Latins migrated into Italy about
800 bc.
• Rome is founded by Latin
people, who share the
peninsula with Greeks, and
Etruscans
• An Etruscans monarchy ruled
central Italy, including Rome
• Romans adopted the best parts
of the cultures around them
• Greek gods merged with Roman
deities
• Etruscan alphabet
• Latin Arch and Irrigation
Roman Social Classes
• Patricians and Plebeians
– Different groups struggle for
power in early Roman Republic
– Patricians— wealthy
landowning class that holds
most of the power
– Plebeians—artisans,
merchants and farmers; can
vote, but cannot rule
Roman Society
• Family was the basic unit
of Roman society.
• Father had absolute rule
in the family
• Women were expected to
follow her husbands
authority.
• Roman women did
however have a larger
role in society then did
Greek Women
Education
• Girls and boys alike learned
to read and write.
• By the late republic, many
wealthy Romans were hiring
Greeks as private tutors for
their children.
• Logic, Reason, & Philosophy
• Rhetoric
• Mathematics
Religion
• Roman Gods
resembled those of
the Etruscans and
Greeks. Like the
Greek god Zeus, the
Roman god Jupiter
ruled over the other
gods.
God Comparisons
Roman Gods
• Jupiter
• Mars
• Juno
• Venus
• Diana
• Saturn
• Minerva
• Mercury
• Pluto
• Neptune
• Vesta
Greek Gods
• Zeus
• Ares
• Hera
• Aphrodite
• Artemis
• Bacchus
• Athena
• Hermes
• Hades
• Poseidon
• Hestia
The Roman Republic
• The Romans drove out
the Etruscan rulers in
509 bc.
• Romans set up a
Republic (thing of the
people)
• Romans believed that a
Republic would not allow
for an all powerful ruler
(dictator or absolute
monarch)
Roman Government takes Shape
• 2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
• Chosen from the senate
• Served for 1 year
• Senate
(Representative body for
patricians)
• Supposedly represented all the citizens of Rome
• Patricians were the wealthy land owning class
• Served for life
• 300 members
• Advised the consuls
• Made laws benefiting the patrician class
Times They Are A Changin’
• The Plebeians (low classes, non-nobility) got fed-up
with not being represented, after many long years
and a lot of civil unrest, the Plebeians got some
changes in government
-However, they were never on equal footing with
the Patricians
Plebeian Victories
• Twelve Tables
– In 451 B.C. officials carve
Roman laws on twelve tablets.
– Called the Twelve Tables, they
become the basis for later
Roman law.
– Laws confirm the right of all
free citizens to the protection
of the law.
– Citizenship is limited to adult
male landowners.
– The Twelve Tables are hung in
the Forum
Plebeian Victories
• Tribunes (Representative body for plebeians)
• Elected from lower classes
• Served for up to 6 years (depending on the era)
• Eventually, one of the two consuls were elected
from the Tribal Assembly (ranks of the tribunes)
The Republic
Comparisons with US
Government
– Balance of power
– Senate and House of
Representatives
– Consul (= president)
– Tribune (veto power)
– Courts (independent)
– Military power (?)
The Need for a Leader
• Because Rome was often at war with other city-states or
people groups, there was a need at times for a strong
leader
• During times of war or civil
unrest, the Senate could
appoint a Dictator, who would
have almost absolute power,
but who served only for a 6
month term, to deal with the
immediate problems
Expansion in Italy
The Roman Military
• Army was comprised of
professional soldiers
who were Roman
citizens
• Pay and retirement
prospects entice
enlistment
• Non-citizens were
promised citizenship
after 20 years of loyal
service
• Also received choice of
land or money when
soldiers retired
The Roman Military
• Roman citizens usually made good soldiers because
they were brought up to value loyalty, courage, and
respect for authority.
• If a soldier showed
courage he usually
was praised and
promoted.
• If a unit fled during
battle 1 out of 10
soldiers in the
legion were put to
death.
The Roman Military
• Roman soldiers swore
loyalty to Rome
• Loyalty to the emperor
was reinforced through
religious holidays or
holidays honoring
leaders
• Men who served were
in fact loyal to Rome
and its ideals
The Roman Military - Legions
• Centurion commanded
80 men (century)
• A cohort was made up
of 6 centuries (480 men)
• 10 cohorts made a
legion that was
supported with a cavalry
unit and engineers
• A legion was made up
of 5,400-6,000 men
• Majority of legions
protected Roman
frontier (borders)
The Roman Military
Military Training: The Art Of War
• Military training was rigorous
and involved marching and
physical training
• Extensive training with various
weapons and formations
• Responsible for constructing
forts, bridges, roads and
protective walls
• Maintain constant presence in
conquered territories
The Roman Military
Weapons
• Gladius – Short sword
• Pilum – A throwing spear
• Hasta – Long spear
• Dagger
The Roman Military
Armor & Protection
• Shield – Large
rectangular, curved shield
• Metal Helmet – Protected
the face, head & neck
• Armor – Overlapping
metal bands protecting the
shoulders and chest
• Leather Sandals
The Roman Military
Training
• Soldiers would march
and drill often
• This was important for
learning manoeuvres
in battle
• New recruits were
given shields and
swords twice as heavy
as the real thing!
Conquered Lands
• Conquered lands
were usually granted
a great deal of justice.
• Could keep their
customs, money, and
local governments as
long as they paid
taxes and supplied
the Roman army with
troops.
Protection and Unification
• To protect its conquests,
Roman soldiers were stationed
throughout the land.
• Roads were built to link distant
territories to Rome.
• “All Roads Lead To Rome”
• Latin Language emerged as
the spoken language
Rome’s Power Grows
• Rome’s Commercial
Network
• Rome establishes a
large trading network.
• Access to the
Mediterranean Sea
provides many trade
routes.
• Carthage, a powerful
city-state in North Africa,
soon rivals Rome.
Punic Wars
• Rome's first territorial conquest
outside of Italy was Carthage in Africa.
• Rome wanted Carthage for two
reasons:
• Carthage controlled Sicily, a valuable source of
grain.
• The navy of Carthage was a threat; it controlled
commercial trade in the Mediterranean, and
hindered trade at sea for Rome.
Carthage
Result was the three
Punic Wars
264-146 BC
Carthage
had been
founded as
Phoenician
colony 500
years earlier
Dispute over control
of Sicily and trade
routes in the western
Mediterranean
brought Rome into
conflict with the
powerful North
African city-state of
Carthage
First Punic War
• Primarily a naval war
• Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy
• Carthage: very good, experienced naval
power
• Rome: small navy, little experience
• Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy
First Punic War
• Rome would not surrender
• Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of
naval warfare
• Equipped ships with huge hooks
• Stationed soldiers on ships
• Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby,
board it with soldiers
• Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles
• Something Rome was very good at
• Won First Punic War as a result
First Punic War
•
The Carthaginians
signed a treaty
making Sicily the
first Roman
province.
• Rome also took
the islands of
Corsica and
Sardinia.
Second Punic War
•
Carthage grows
despite losing
territory in the First
Punic War.
• They expanded their
empire into Spain
and were advancing
north, closer to Italy.
• Rome sees Carthage
growing and feels
threatened
Second Punic War
•
Rome demanded that
the greatest of all
Carthaginian
generals, Hannibal,
surrender a city in
Northern Spain Saguntum (a Roman
ally).
• He refused, and
launched an invasion
on Italy instead.
Second Punic War
• Carthagian general
Hannibal surprises Romans
• leads army from Spain,
through southern France
and over the Alps with war
elephants
• invades Italy from the north
• Defeats Roman armies sent
to stop him several times
but hesitates to attack
Rome itself
• Too well fortified
Second Punic War
•
•
•
•
•
Before attacking Rome he
needed reinforcements.
He sent his brother,
Hasdrubal.
The Romans intercepted
his messengers.
After learning the location
of his armies the Romans
crushed them & delivered
Hastrubal's head to
Hannibal.
In anger, Hannibal moves
toward Rome and salts the
earth as he advances
Second Punic War
• Unable to defeat Hannibal in
Italy, a Roman army sailed
across the Mediterranean,
landed in North Africa, and
headed for Carthage
– Led by patrician general
Scipio
– Hannibal was forced to
leave Italy to protect
Carthage
• Defeated in a battle
fought outside the walls
of Carthage
Second Punic War
• Hannibal is pursued by the
Romans & commits suicide
• Carthage is finished as a
power
• Lost all territory to Rome
• Economically destroyed
Third Punic War – Don’t Mess With Rome
• Some in Rome feared
Carthage would rise
again and pushed for
another war to finish off
Carthage
• Carthage was basically
defenseless
• Romans were so angry
about Hannibal's attack
on Rome and the Italian
peninsula they laid waste
to Carthage
• A continent is renamed