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Rome Mythical Founding of Rome • Romulus and Remus • Twin brothers are abandoned in a basket on the Tiber River • Found and suckled by a she-wolf • Eventually adopted by a shepherd • The brothers quarreled over where to begin a new city • When neither would be convinced of the others location, Remus mocked Romulus • Romulus, kills Remus and founds the city of Rome (753 B.C.) • Romulus rules the new city and invites all to come and live freely • Populated by runaway slaves, exiles, criminals, and other castoffs Geography • Italian peninsula looks like a boot. • The peninsula is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea, and Rome is in the center of Italy • Much easier to unify then Greece. • Rome is built on 7 hills along the Tiber River • Fertile soil and strategic position • Long warm growing seasons and short mild winters Peoples • Latins migrated into Italy about 800 bc. • Rome is founded by Latin people, who share the peninsula with Greeks, and Etruscans • An Etruscans monarchy ruled central Italy, including Rome • Romans adopted the best parts of the cultures around them • Greek gods merged with Roman deities • Etruscan alphabet • Latin Arch and Irrigation Roman Social Classes • Patricians and Plebeians – Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic – Patricians— wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power – Plebeians—artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but cannot rule Roman Society • Family was the basic unit of Roman society. • Father had absolute rule in the family • Women were expected to follow her husbands authority. • Roman women did however have a larger role in society then did Greek Women Education • Girls and boys alike learned to read and write. • By the late republic, many wealthy Romans were hiring Greeks as private tutors for their children. • Logic, Reason, & Philosophy • Rhetoric • Mathematics Religion • Roman Gods resembled those of the Etruscans and Greeks. Like the Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter ruled over the other gods. God Comparisons Roman Gods • Jupiter • Mars • Juno • Venus • Diana • Saturn • Minerva • Mercury • Pluto • Neptune • Vesta Greek Gods • Zeus • Ares • Hera • Aphrodite • Artemis • Bacchus • Athena • Hermes • Hades • Poseidon • Hestia The Roman Republic • The Romans drove out the Etruscan rulers in 509 bc. • Romans set up a Republic (thing of the people) • Romans believed that a Republic would not allow for an all powerful ruler (dictator or absolute monarch) Roman Government takes Shape • 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) • Chosen from the senate • Served for 1 year • Senate (Representative body for patricians) • Supposedly represented all the citizens of Rome • Patricians were the wealthy land owning class • Served for life • 300 members • Advised the consuls • Made laws benefiting the patrician class Times They Are A Changin’ • The Plebeians (low classes, non-nobility) got fed-up with not being represented, after many long years and a lot of civil unrest, the Plebeians got some changes in government -However, they were never on equal footing with the Patricians Plebeian Victories • Twelve Tables – In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets. – Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law. – Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law. – Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners. – The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum Plebeian Victories • Tribunes (Representative body for plebeians) • Elected from lower classes • Served for up to 6 years (depending on the era) • Eventually, one of the two consuls were elected from the Tribal Assembly (ranks of the tribunes) The Republic Comparisons with US Government – Balance of power – Senate and House of Representatives – Consul (= president) – Tribune (veto power) – Courts (independent) – Military power (?) The Need for a Leader • Because Rome was often at war with other city-states or people groups, there was a need at times for a strong leader • During times of war or civil unrest, the Senate could appoint a Dictator, who would have almost absolute power, but who served only for a 6 month term, to deal with the immediate problems Expansion in Italy The Roman Military • Army was comprised of professional soldiers who were Roman citizens • Pay and retirement prospects entice enlistment • Non-citizens were promised citizenship after 20 years of loyal service • Also received choice of land or money when soldiers retired The Roman Military • Roman citizens usually made good soldiers because they were brought up to value loyalty, courage, and respect for authority. • If a soldier showed courage he usually was praised and promoted. • If a unit fled during battle 1 out of 10 soldiers in the legion were put to death. The Roman Military • Roman soldiers swore loyalty to Rome • Loyalty to the emperor was reinforced through religious holidays or holidays honoring leaders • Men who served were in fact loyal to Rome and its ideals The Roman Military - Legions • Centurion commanded 80 men (century) • A cohort was made up of 6 centuries (480 men) • 10 cohorts made a legion that was supported with a cavalry unit and engineers • A legion was made up of 5,400-6,000 men • Majority of legions protected Roman frontier (borders) The Roman Military Military Training: The Art Of War • Military training was rigorous and involved marching and physical training • Extensive training with various weapons and formations • Responsible for constructing forts, bridges, roads and protective walls • Maintain constant presence in conquered territories The Roman Military Weapons • Gladius – Short sword • Pilum – A throwing spear • Hasta – Long spear • Dagger The Roman Military Armor & Protection • Shield – Large rectangular, curved shield • Metal Helmet – Protected the face, head & neck • Armor – Overlapping metal bands protecting the shoulders and chest • Leather Sandals The Roman Military Training • Soldiers would march and drill often • This was important for learning manoeuvres in battle • New recruits were given shields and swords twice as heavy as the real thing! Conquered Lands • Conquered lands were usually granted a great deal of justice. • Could keep their customs, money, and local governments as long as they paid taxes and supplied the Roman army with troops. Protection and Unification • To protect its conquests, Roman soldiers were stationed throughout the land. • Roads were built to link distant territories to Rome. • “All Roads Lead To Rome” • Latin Language emerged as the spoken language Rome’s Power Grows • Rome’s Commercial Network • Rome establishes a large trading network. • Access to the Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes. • Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome. Punic Wars • Rome's first territorial conquest outside of Italy was Carthage in Africa. • Rome wanted Carthage for two reasons: • Carthage controlled Sicily, a valuable source of grain. • The navy of Carthage was a threat; it controlled commercial trade in the Mediterranean, and hindered trade at sea for Rome. Carthage Result was the three Punic Wars 264-146 BC Carthage had been founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage First Punic War • Primarily a naval war • Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy • Carthage: very good, experienced naval power • Rome: small navy, little experience • Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy First Punic War • Rome would not surrender • Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare • Equipped ships with huge hooks • Stationed soldiers on ships • Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers • Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles • Something Rome was very good at • Won First Punic War as a result First Punic War • The Carthaginians signed a treaty making Sicily the first Roman province. • Rome also took the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Second Punic War • Carthage grows despite losing territory in the First Punic War. • They expanded their empire into Spain and were advancing north, closer to Italy. • Rome sees Carthage growing and feels threatened Second Punic War • Rome demanded that the greatest of all Carthaginian generals, Hannibal, surrender a city in Northern Spain Saguntum (a Roman ally). • He refused, and launched an invasion on Italy instead. Second Punic War • Carthagian general Hannibal surprises Romans • leads army from Spain, through southern France and over the Alps with war elephants • invades Italy from the north • Defeats Roman armies sent to stop him several times but hesitates to attack Rome itself • Too well fortified Second Punic War • • • • • Before attacking Rome he needed reinforcements. He sent his brother, Hasdrubal. The Romans intercepted his messengers. After learning the location of his armies the Romans crushed them & delivered Hastrubal's head to Hannibal. In anger, Hannibal moves toward Rome and salts the earth as he advances Second Punic War • Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage – Led by patrician general Scipio – Hannibal was forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage • Defeated in a battle fought outside the walls of Carthage Second Punic War • Hannibal is pursued by the Romans & commits suicide • Carthage is finished as a power • Lost all territory to Rome • Economically destroyed Third Punic War – Don’t Mess With Rome • Some in Rome feared Carthage would rise again and pushed for another war to finish off Carthage • Carthage was basically defenseless • Romans were so angry about Hannibal's attack on Rome and the Italian peninsula they laid waste to Carthage • A continent is renamed