Download mind altering… synthetic (designer) and naturally occuring

MIND ALTERING…
SYNTHETIC (DESIGNER) AND
NATURALLY OCCURING…DRUGS
Cardwell C. Nuckols, PhD
[email protected]
www.cnuckols.com
PHARMACOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
• STIMULANT DRUGS
– “BATH SALTS”
– KHAT (CATHINONE)
• CANNABINOIDS
– “SPICE” AND A WIDE VARIETY OF
CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS
• DEPRESSANTS
– GHB
PHARMACOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
• HALLUCINOGENS
– 2C-E AND RELATED SYNTHETIC PSYCHEDELIC
PHENETHYLAMINES
• THE NEUROSOUP GUIDE
(http://www.neurosoup.com/neurosoup_trip_guide.
htm )
– MDMA
• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
– SALVIA DIVINORUM
NEUROSOUP TRIP GUIDE
PHARMACOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
• OPIOIDS
– KRATOM (7-HYDROXYMITRAGYNINE)
– KROKODIL (DESOMORPHINE)
• INHALANTS
– JENKEM
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
• INGREDIENTS
– 3,4-METHYENEDIOXYPYROVALERONE (MDPV)
• MPPP
• MDPPP
– 4-METHYLMETHCATHINONE (MEPHEDRONE OR 4MMC)
• PHARMACOLOGY
– MDPV IS A POWERFUL STIMULANT THAT FUNCTIONS AS
DOPAMINE-NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
(NDRI)
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)
– 4-MMC IS CHEMICALLY SIMILAR TO AMPHETAMINE AND
KHAT, MANUFACTURED IN CHINA AND COMES IN
TABLETS OR POWDER THAT CAN BE SWALLOWED,
SNORTED OR INJECTED
– THEY HAVE STIMULATORY EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
– MDPV AND 4-MMC PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS INCLUDE RAPID
HEART RATE, INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE,
VASOCONSTRICTION AND SWEATING
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)
– MDPV AND 4-MMC MENTAL SYMPTOMS
INCLUDE EUPHORIA, INCREASED ALERTNESS,
INCREASED WAKEFULNESS, ANXIETY,
AGITATION, AND REDUCED DESIRE FOR FOOD
AND SLEEP
– MDPV IS REPORTEDLY FOUR TIMES AS STRONG
A STIMULANT AS RITALIN AND IS SOMETIMES
LABELED AS LEGAL COCAINE OR LEGAL
AMPHETAMINE
“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED
STIMULANTS
• TRADE NAMES-SOLD AS PLANT FOOD AND
FOR AROMATHERAPY ALSO
– MDPV
• “RED DOVE”, “BLUE SILK”, “CLOUD NINE”, “ZOOM”,
“BLOOM”, “VANILLA SKY”, “SCARFACE”, AND “STAR
DUST”
• ALSO SOLD AS INSECT REPELLANT AND PLANT FOOD
WITH NAMES LIKE “BONSAI GROW”
– 4-MMC
• “MEPH”, “DRONE”, “MCAT” AND “MEOW, MEOW”
• DURATION OF EFFECTS
– MDPV IS ROUGHLY 3-4 HOURS WITH AFTER
EFFECTS LASTING 6-8 HOURS
KHAT
• NATIVE TO TROPICAL EAST AFRICA AND
ARABIAN PENINSULA
– PART OF SOCIAL CULTURE IN SOME
AREAS
• FRESH LEAVES/TOPS CHEWED OR
CONSUMED AS TEA
• STIMULANT AND EUPHORIANT
• CATHINONE (SCHEDULE 1)
• STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO
AMPHETAMINE
KHAT PHARMACOLOGY
• EUPHORIANT (DOPAMINE)
• ANOREXIGENIC
• STIMULANT
– DILATED PUPILS
– INCREASED HEART RATE
– INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
• HYPNAGOGIC (AUDITORY DREAM LIKE)
HALLUCINATIONS (COMING DOWN)
KHAT
KHAT
KHAT
KHAT
KHAT
KHAT
“SPICE” AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
• INGREDIENTS
– A DIVERSE GROUP OF CANNABINOID
RECEPTOR AGONISTS FALLING INTO SEVEN
MAJOR STRUCTURAL GROUPS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NAPHTOYLINDOLES
NAPTHYLMETHYLINDOLES
NAPTHOYLPYRROLES
NAPTHYLMETHYLINDENES
PHENYLACETYLINDOLES
CYCLOHEXYLPHENOLS
CLASSICAL CANNABINOIDS (DIBENZOPYRAN)
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
• CANNABINOID AGONISTS-RESEARCH CHEMICALS
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
JWH-015
JWH-018
JWH-073
JWH-081
JWH-133
JWH-200
JWH-250
JWH-398
CP 47,497
CP 55,244
HU210
WIN 55,212-2
CANNABINOID EFFECTS
• Appetite, feeding behavior and
body weight
• Reward and motivation
• Mood and anxiety
• Pain
• Memory
CANNABINOID
MODULATORS
• Work on CB-1 and CB-2 receptor sites
• Rimonabant (Acomplia)
– Blocks CB-1 receptors
– Suppresses appetite
– Favorable changes in blood fats,
cholesterol and glucose tolerance
– High drop out rate
RIMONABANT
• Clinical Trials
– Test subjects
• No psychiatric history
• No family history
– High Drop-out rate
– Psychiatric Side-Effects
• Anxiety
• Depression
BRAINWORK (May-June 2006)
CANNABINOID
MODULATORS
• Anxiety and depression involve the
endocannabinoid system
– Rimonabant blocks receptors
• May see increase in psychiatric
symptoms
– If boost endocannabinoid system get
antianxiety and antidepressant
effects
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDSCOMMERCIAL
Rimonabant (also known as SR141716; trade names
Acomplia, Bethin, Monaslim, Remonabent, Riobant,
Slimona, Rimoslim, Zimulti, and Riomont) is an
anorectic antiobesity drug. It is an inverse agonist for
the cannabinoid receptor CB1. Its main effect is
reduction in appetite. Rimonabant blocks the
psychoactive and some of the cardiovascular effects
of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans
without affecting the pharmacokinetics.
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDSCOMMERCIAL
• Dronabinol
(Marinol,
Delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9-THC) is synthetic
TH C. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting
caused by chemotherapy in people who have
already taken other medications to treat this type
of nausea and vomiting without good results.
Dronabinol is also used to treat loss of appetite and
weight loss in people who have acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dronabinol
is in a class of medications called cannabinoids. It
works by affecting the area of the brain that
controls nausea, vomiting, and appetite.
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDSCOMMERCIAL
Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid with therapeutic use as
an antiemetic and as an adjunct analgesic for neuropathic
pain. It is a synthetic cannabinoid, which mimics the main
ingredient of cannabis (THC). Chemically, nabilone is similar
to the active ingredient found in naturally occurring Cannabis
sativa L.
In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Mexico, nabilone is
marketed as Cesamet. It was approved in 1985 by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and
vomiting that has not responded to conventional antiemetics. Though it was
approved by the FDA in 1985, the drug only began marketing in the United States
in 2006. It is also approved for use in treatment of anorexia and weight loss in
patients with AIDS.
Although it doesn't have the official indication (except in Mexico), nabilone is
widely used as an adjunct therapy for chronic pain management. Numerous trials
and case studies have demonstrated various benefits for condition such as
fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis.
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDSCOMMERCIAL
Sativex is an oromucosal (mouth) spray developed by the UK
company GW Pharmaceuticals for multiple sclerosis patients,
who can use it to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity,
overactive bladder, and other symptoms. Sativex is also being
prescribed to alleviate pain due to cancer and has been
researched in various models of peripheral and central
neuropathic pain.
Sativex is distinct from all other pharmaceutically produced cannabinoids
currently available because it is derived from botanical material, rather than a
solely synthetic process. Sativex is a pharmaceutical product standardized in
composition, formulation, and dose. Its principal active cannabinoid components
are the cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The
product is formulated as an oromucosal spray which is administered by spraying
into the mouth. Each spray of Sativex delivers a fixed dose of 2.7mg THC and
2.5mg CBD.
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
(SPICE)
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS {K2
(JWH-018, JWH-073)}
“SPICE” AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
• PHARMACOLOGY
– CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS MIMIC THE
EFFECTS OF THC AND ANADAMIDE BY
INTERACTING WITH THE CB1 RECEPTOR IN THE
BRAIN
– SOME OF THESE SYNTHETICS HAVE A HIGHER
AFFINITY FOR THE RECEPTOR THAN CANNABIS
THC AND MAY BE PARTICULARLY LONG ACTING
– OFTEN LARGE AMOUNTS OF TOCOPHEROL
(VITAMIN E) ADDED TO MASK ANALYSIS
“SPICE” AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)
– SMOKING MIXTURES ARE USUALLY
SOLD IN METAL-FOIL SACHETS
TYPICALLY CONTAINING THREE GRAMS
OF DRIED VEGETABLE MATTER TO
WHICH ONE OR MORE OF THE
CANNABINOIDS HAVE BEEN ADDED
• TRADE NAMES
– “SPICE GOLD”, “SPICE SILVER”,
“YUCATAN FIRE”, “CHILL X”, “SENSE”
AND MANY OTHERS
GHB (CNS DEPRESSANT)
• γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4hydroxybutanoic acid
• Naturally occurring substance found in the human
Central nervous System (CNS)
• General anesthetic, to treat conditions such as
insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and
alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance
(elevates Human Growth Hormone). It is also
used as an intoxicant or as a “date rape drug”. Has
a salty taste like baking soda
GHB
• Georgia Home Boy", "Juice", “Grievous Bodily
Harm”, "Liquid Ecstasy", "Mils", "G", "Liquid
X", and "Liquid G", as well as "Fantasy"
• Its effects have been described anecdotally as
comparable with alcohol and ecstasy use, such as
euphoria, disinhibition, enhanced sensuality and
empathogenic states
GHB
GHB
GHB TOXICITY
• LOW DOSE (.5-1.5 GRAMS)
• EQUAL TO 1-3 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS)
– Reduces anxiety
– Acts as a depressant
– Slurred speech
– Energetic
– Playful
– Reduction in motor skills
– Mild dizziness
GHB TOXICITY
• MEDIUM DOSE (1-2.5 GRAMS)
– Affectionate and sensual response
– Increased erectile capacity
– Heightened orgasm
– Tactile sensitivity
– Nausea and grogginess
– Increased appreciation for music, dancing
and/or talking
GHB TOXICITY
• High dose (2.5 grams +)
– Euphoria
– Increased grogginess and nausea/vomiting
• Overdose (greater than 2 grams)
– Nausea and vomiting
– Like other CNS depressant drugs( alcohol,
heroin)
– Seizure activity
– Coma
NOTE: Dose is hard to titrate so might quickly
move from medium to overdose
SALVIA DIVINORUM
• DIVINER’S SAGE
• INDUCES DISSOCIATIVE STATES AND
PRODUCER OF “VISIONS” AND OTHER
HALLUCINATORY EXPERIENCES
• SIERRA MAZATECA OF OAXACA, MEXICO
• USED BY MAZATEC SHAMANS FOR
RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL HEALING
SESSIONS
SALVIA DIVINORUM
SALVIA DIVINORUM
SALVIA DIVINORUM
SALVIA DIVINORUM
SALVIA DIVINORUM
PHARAMCOLOGY
• ACTIVE INGREDIENT SALVINORUM A
IS A POTENT K-OPIOID AND D2
RECEPTOR AGONIST
• USUALLY SMOKED OFTEN WITH
WATER PIPE
• POTENT NATURALLY OCCURRING
HALLUCINOGEN ALTHOUGHT DOES
NOT SEEM TO WORK THROUGH THE
SEROTONIN SYSTEM
SALVIA DIVINORUMSUBJECTIVE
• POSITIVE
– SHORT DURATION ESPECIALLY WHEN
SMOKED
– RADICAL PERSPECTIVE SHIFTING
– INCREASE IN SENSUAL APPRECIATION
– DREAMLIKE EXPERIENCES
– INSIGHT INTO SELF
• NEUTRAL
– CHANGE IN BODY TEMPERATURE,
FLUSHING
– SENSATION OF ENTERING OR PERCEIVING
OTHER DIMENSIONS
SALVIA DIVINORUMSUBJECTIVE
• NEUTRAL (CONTINUED)
– FEELING OF PRESENCE OR ENTITY
CONTACT
– DISSOCIATION AT HIGHER DOSES
• NEGATIVE
– OVERLY-INTENSE EXPERIENCES
– FEAR, TERROR AND PANIC
– MILD TO MODERATE HEADACHE
– COORDINATION PROBLEMS
KROKODIL
• RAMPANT ABUSE IN RUSSIA
• MIXTURE OF CODEINE AND GASOLINE,
PAINT THINNER, IODINE,
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND RED
PHOSPHOROUS
• DESOMORPHINE-SYNTHESIZED IN US IN
1932
• HEROIN-LIKE EFFECTS (8-10 stronger than
morphine)
• MUCH CHEAPER TO OBTAIN-CODEINE
SOLD OTC IN RUSSIA
KROKODIL PHARMACOLOGY
• Half-life short so have to inject every 90 -120
minutes
• Short half-life means Acute Abstinence
Syndrome comes on very quickly
• Pharmacology similar to other opioids with
typical subjective effects and acute
abstinence syndrome
KROKODIL
KROKODIL
KROKODIL
KROKODIL
KROKODIL
KROKODIL
• Name comes from the appearance of the
skin of chronic users and the derivative of
codeine (chlorocodide) used in production
• Severe tissue damage, phlebitis and
gangrene
• The amount of tissue damage is so severe
the life expectancy of a chronic addict is
only 3-4 years
“JENKEM” (INHALANT)
• FERMENTATION OF HUMAN WASTE
• FECES AND URINE STORED IN TIGHT
CONTAINER FOR SEVERAL DAYS
• REACTION PRODUCES METHANE GAS
• “HUFFED” BY USERS TO CREATE ANOXIA