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Nōmen _____________________ Term 1 Latin I, Magistra Snyder / Magister Jaffe, R ______ Packet 4 THE VERB SUM, ESSE TO BE, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, AND THE ABLATIVE CASE The Verb sum, esse to be We have encountered the verbs est and sunt before in the PRESENT Tense est means _______________ sunt means _______________ BUT, for all other verbs we’ve seen, we’ve been able to conjugate them completely, that is in ALL persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and numbers (singular and plural). For this verb, we’ve only seen the _______ person _________ and ____________ forms in the present tenses. Its principal parts are sum, esse = I am, to be Here is the full conjugation of sum, esse in the PRESENT TENSE: LATIN FORM ENGLISH TRANSLATION 1st person sing. sum I am 2nd person sing. es you are 3rd person sing. est he/she/it is / there is 1st person pl. sumus we are 2nd person pl. estis you all are 3rd person pl. sunt they are / there are Even though we call this verb IRREGULAR because its STEM changes… a. What are the two different Present Stems of this verb? o _____________ and _____________ Are the Personal Endings the same as the ones that you’ve learned for the Present Tense? YES NO EXERCITĀTIO Directions: Annotate and translate the following sentences into English 1. ‘sum rex deōrum’ dī cit Iuppiter. 1 2. ‘es puella pulchra’ Prōserpinae* deus. 3. in agrō est malum monstrum (Prōserpinae = to Proserpina) (malum = evil) 4. rēgī nae et regulī sunt in rēgnī s PREDICATE NOMINATIVE Usually, the action of a verb is completed by a direct object. Ex. Iuppiter rēgnum regit Jupiter rules the kingdom Because the verb sum, esse is not an action verb, but rather a condition verb, it is not completed by a direct object. Instead it is completed by a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. Ex. Iuppiter est deus Jupiter is a god. A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE is a noun or adjective that further describes the nominative subject of a form of the verb sum, esse. It is always in the nominative case. It is annotated with a circle. EXERCITĀTIO Directions: Circle all of the predicate nominatives below Sāturnus est deus. Saturn is a god. Sāturnus est magnus. Saturn is great. Sāturnus est vir Rheae. Saturn is the husband of Rhea. Rhea est fēmina Sāturnī . Rhea is the wife of Saturn. 2 Sāturnus et Rhea sunt deī . Saturn and Rhea are gods. Sāturnus et Rhea sunt vir et fēmina. Saturn and Rhea are man and fī liae sunt amicae. The daughters are friends. wife. orāculum est malum. The prophecy is bad. sumus deī . We are gods. es deus. You are a god. est monstrum in regnō. There is a monster in the kingdom. sunt filiī in tectō. There are children in the house. NOTĀTE BENE! The predicate nominative noun or adjective must agree with the subject in GENDER (masculine, feminine, or neuter) and NUMBER (singular or plural). Ex. fēminae sunt bonae (The women are good) NOT fēminae sunt bonum because bonae must be feminine and plural to agree with the feminine, plural subject fēminae EXERCITĀTIO I. Translate the following sentences into English a. Iuppiter est rex deōrum b. ‘es malus vir’, Iuno Iovī dī cit. c. ‘sumus rex et rēgina Orcī ’, Prōserpinae Pluto dī cit. d. ‘estis deī ! cūr nōn datis auxilium mihi?’ deī s Prōserpina dī cit. 3 II. Complete the following Latin sentences with the correct form of the missing word. Then translate the complete sentence. a. Prōserpina (is) ______________ fī lia Cereris. b. Ceres et Prōserpina (are) c. ‘(I am) māter et fī lia. nunc rēgina et uxor Plutōnis’ dī cit Prōserpina. Vocabulary auxilium, auxiliī n. help Cereris = of Ceres cūr why deī s = to the gods Iovī = to Jupiter mater = mother (nom. sg. f.) mihi = to me nunc now Orcī = of the Underworld Plutōnis = of Pluto Prōserpinae = to Proserpina uxor = wife (nom. sg. f.) THE ABLATIVE CASE So far we’ve learned two NOUN cases: NOMINATIVE: used for and 1st declension feminine, puella, -ae f. = girl 1st declension (fem.) SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative puell____ puell_____ 2nd declension masculine, deus, -ī m. = god 2nd declension (masc.) SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative de______ de______ 2nd declension neuter, rēgnum, –ī n. = kingdom 4 2nd declension (neuter) SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative rēgn_____ rēgn_____ ACCUSATIVE: used for the ________________________________ of a sentence 1st declension feminine, puella, -ae f. = girl 1st declension (fem.) SINGULAR Accusative puell____ PLURAL puell_____ 2nd declension masculine, deus, -ī m. = god 2nd declension (masc.) SINGULAR PLURAL Accusative de______ de______ 2nd declension neuter, rēgnum, –ī n. = kingdom 2nd declension (neuter) SINGULAR PLURAL Accusative rēgn_____ rēgn_____ We’ve also encountered ANOTHER case that we have yet to label, in PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES like the following: cum puellā pulchrā = ___________________________________ ex agrō = ___________________________________ in rēgnō = ___________________________________ What ENDINGS do you see on each of these nouns? 1st declension fem. sing. = ___________ 2nd declension masc. sing.= ____________ 2nd declension neuter sing.= ____________ In the plural these phrases become… cum puellī s pulchrī s = ___________________________________ 5 ex agrī s = ___________________________________ in rēgnī s = ___________________________________ The plural ending for ALL GENDERS (fem., masc., neut.) for the ABLATIVE is = ____________ These endings are in the case we call the ABLATIVE case. Many prepositions are followed by words in this case, usually ones which describe LOCATION or show a RELATIONSHIP between people or things You will know that a preposition is followed by an ablative noun when it is listed as “+ abl.” or “+acc.” in your vocabulary section or a dictionary PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Prepositions PREPOSITIONS are words (or phrases) that show ______________, _______________ or a _______________ to another word in the sentence. The noun (or pronoun) that follows the PREPOSITION is called the OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION. Together the _____________________ and the _____________________ (and any other modifiers, like adjectives) form a ______________________________. The OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION (O.P.) Consider the following English examples: I love my sister. She is great, but I don’t have much in common (with Cicero was a great Roman orator. He wrote many speeches and letters, and we know a lot (about ). ). In Latin, the O.P. will either be in the ACCUSATIAVE or ABLATIVE case. vir (in villā) habitat. The man lives in the house. [villā = ABLATIVE] fēmina (ad aquam) currit. The woman runs to the water. [aquam = ACCUSATIVE] PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES The gods live Olympus. 6 o What word or words could fill the blank? o What is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? o What noun does it modify? The gods have dominion mankind. o What word or words could fill the blank? o What is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? o What noun does it modify? EXERCITĀTIO Directions: Put parentheses around all prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Identify which part of the clause is being modified. 1) Jupiter takes Juno (for his wife). a. Noun modified = ___Juno__________ 2) Jupiter and Juno talk about their son, Mars, the god of war. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 3) Jupiter has many children with goddesses and mortal women. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 4) Jupiter approaches women in disguise. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 5) in Olympō deī et deae habitant. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 6) deus ad terram volat. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 7) deus fēminam cum fī liī s videt. a. Noun modified = ___ __________ 8) per aquam deae natant. 7 a. Noun modified = ___ __________ natō, natāre to swim volō, volāre to fly LUDUS Directions: This is a scavenger hunt! Look through your ‘Case of the Stolen Maiden’ translation and list all of the prepositional phrases you find and the CASE of the noun that follows them i. _in agrō = in the field (line 1) __ [_ABL_] ii. [______] iii. [______] iv. [______] v. [______] EXERCITĀTIO Directions: Annotate and translate the following sentences. Remember to put (parentheses) around prepositional phrases. 1. Iuppiter ā Saturnō rēgnum capit = 2. fēmina in agrō habitat = 3. dea cum filiā lacrimat = Directions: Translate the following prepositional phrases into Latin 4. in the kingdom = ________________________ 5. with the women = ________________________ 6. out of the earth = ________________________ 8 INDEPENDENT ABLATIVES Up until now, we’ve only seen the ABLATIVE case used in prepositional phrases: Ex. in rēgnō = in the kingdom sub terrā = underneath the earth cum puellā pulchrā = with a beautiful girl However, the ABLATIVE CASE can ALSO be used without a preposition… Pluto puellam curriculō capit. = Pluto captures the girl ______ (his) chariot. What word should be used to translate the ABLATIVE noun curriculō? ______________ NOTES: A noun in the ABLATIVE CASE can also be used without a preposition. When an ablative is by itself, or does NOT have a preposition in front of it, we call it an INDEPENDENT ABLATIVE. If the ablative noun expresses the ______________________ or ______________________ by which the action of a verb is done, it is called the ABLATIVE OF MEANS. This kind of ablative noun is always a _________________________ thing, NEVER a person or ____________ thing. The INDEPENDENT usage of the ablative can be translated with these English prepositions: B___ W______ I__ O__ F______ EXERCITĀTIO 9 1. Plūto rōtī s ex terrā venit. [rotae, -ārum, f.pl. chariot (literally, wheels)] a. Ablative of Means noun = ____________ b. English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means noun = _________ c. Sentence Translation: ____________________________________________________________ 2. formā deus puellam terret. ` [forma, -ae f. appearance, form; terreō, terrēre to frighten, scare] d. Ablative of Means noun = ____________ e. English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means noun = _________ f. Sentence Translation: ____________________________________________________________ 3. dea virum saxō fallit. [fallō, fallere to deceive; saxum, -ī n. rock, stone] g. Ablative of Means noun = ____________ h. English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means noun = _________ i. Sentence Translation: ____________________________________________________________ 4. auxiliō deōrum* Prōserpina ex Orcō fugere cupit. *deōrum = of the gods [auxilium, auxiliī n. help; ex out of, from] j. Ablative of Means noun = ____________ k. English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means noun = _________ l. Sentence Translation: ____________________________________________________________ EXERCITĀTIO Directions: Decline the following nouns in all three cases we’ve learned so far 1. puella, puellae f. girl CASE DECLENSION #________ SINGULAR PLURAL 10 NOMINATIVE __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE 2. deus, deī m. god DECLENSION #________ CASE SINGULAR PLURAL __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE 3. rēgnum, rēgnī n. kingdom CASE DECLENSION #________ SINGULAR PLURAL __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE 4. fēmina, fēminae f. woman CASE DECLENSION #________ SINGULAR PLURAL __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE 11 ABLATIVE __________________ 5. orāculum, orāculī n. prophecy CASE __________________ DECLENSION #________ SINGULAR PLURAL __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE 6. vir, virī m. man; husband CASE DECLENSION #________ SINGULAR PLURAL __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE CHECK: ______ 12 SEASONS OF LOVE Directions: Annotate and translate the following passage below. The words in italics are neither subjects nor direct objects. 1. sine filiā, Cerēs lacrimat et nōn frumenta crescere sinit. 2. Helios, deus solis, deam narrat ubi Prōserpina est. Cerēs irāta est 3. sine filiā, virī et fēminae irātī sine frumentī s sunt. Iuppiter, rēx 4. deōrum, Plutōnem reddere puellam iubet. 5. in rēgnō sub terrā, Pluto imperium Iovis audit. sed prius 6. granatum Prōsepinae dat. Prōserpina VI grana consumit. quod 7. deī puellās vivās in Orcō cibum nōn consumere sinunt, Hermes 8. Prōserpinam punit. 9. Prōserpina in terrā cum Cerere VI mensibus vivit, sub terrā 10. cum virō VI mensibus vivit. ubi filia cum Cerere est, frumenta 11. crescunt. ubi Prōserpina cum deō in Orcō est, frumenta nōn NOUNS Cerēs = Ceres (nom. sg. f.) Cerere = Ceres (abl. sg. f.) cibum, - ī n. food deōrum = of the gods *fēmina, -ae f. woman frumentum, -ī n. grain, crop granatum, granatī n.pomegrate granum, granī n. seed Helios Helios (nom. sg. m.) Hermes Hermes/Mercury (nom. sg. m.) imperium, imperiī n. order Iovis = of Jupiter mensibus = for ___ months Proserpinae = to Proserpina puella, puellae f. girl rēx king (nom. sg. m.) solis = of the sun vir, virī m. man, husband VERBS consumō, consumere, consumpsī , consumptus to consume, eat crescō, crescere ,crevī , cretus to grow *do, dare, dedī , datus to give *iubeō, iubēre, iussī , iussus to order lacrimō, lacrimāre, lacrimāvī , lacrimātus to cry narrō, narrāre, narrāvī , narrātus to tell puniō, punī re, punivī , punitus to punish *reddō, reddere, reddidī , redditus to return *sinō, sinere, sivī , situs to allow, permit vivō, vivere, vixī , victus to live 12. crescunt. ADJECTIVES *irātus, irāta, irātum angry vivus, viva, vivum living, alive TRANSLATION: ADVERBS *quod because prius: first, before *ubi where, when 1. 13 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. CHECK: _________ 14