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Macromolecules: You are what you eat Regents Biology Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic Molecules: Contains Carbon AND associated with life. Inorganic Molecules: Not associated with life… may, or may not contain carbon Carbon is cool - It can make up to 4 covalent bonds and fold in all kinds of ways!! Regents Biology CHNOPS… the main elements that make up your body!!!! (Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Sulfur) Regents Biology What are Macromolecules? • Nutrients provide the raw materials required for growth, repair and energy for living things. We obtain these nutrients as part of our diet. Some nutrients are required in large amounts to support cellular health, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 4 Types of Macromolecules • • • • Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches Lipids: Fats and Oils Protein: Muscle Tissue Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material Macromolecules • Macro means: – Large • Molecule: – Compound formed From 2 or more atom. Many One Regents Biology Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Lipids = built from fatty acid & glycerol Glycerol Fatty – acid Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Regents Biology Identify each example according to type of macromolecule. . . Regents Biology Butter Chicken Breast Regents Biology Bread Fish Filet Pizza Grease Corn Syrup Regents Biology DNA Digesting Macromolecules gives us energy ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Any Questions? • Stop & Read through questions in Carbohydrates • Work on your own – Pg 34–35 AND 44-48 Carbohydrates Regents Biology Carbohydrates are built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Regents Biology Function of Carbohydrates – quick energy – energy storage – Structure Regents Biology starch Glucose Monomer Starch Glycogen Cellulose BIG carbohydrates chitin – structure in arthropods & fungi » exoskeleton Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? – BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud? Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of C6H12O6 • These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides • All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes. • Examples: – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose Regents Biology Carbohydrates: Disaccharides • Disaccharide = Double sugar. • They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides • Polysaccharide = Many sugars • This is a long chain of monosaccharides • Examples: – Starch: Grain Foods – Cellulose: Plant fiber 2003-2004 Regents Biology Nucleic acids: Information molecules 2006-2007 Regents Biology Nucleic Acids • Function: – genetic material • stores information • transfers information DNA Regentsproteins Biology Nucleic acids • Monomer (building block) = nucleotides Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! sugar phosphate Regents Biology N base Nucleotide chains • Nucleic acids sugar N base sugar N base phosphate – nucleotides chained into a polymer phosphate strong bonds sugar N base sugar N base phosphate phosphate Regents Biology RNA Nucleic Acids Examples – DNA – RNA Regents Biology RNA 2003-2004 Regents Biology That’s One Big Fatty Acid! Lipids Concentrated energy molecules Lipids • Examples – fats – oils – waxes – hormones • sex hormones – testosterone (male) – estrogen (female) 2003-2004 Glycerol HEAD Fatty Acid TAIL Another way to Illustrate Lipids Head Tail 2003-2004 Regents Biology Lipids • Function: – energy storage • very concentrated • twice the energy as carbohydrates! – cell membrane – cushions organs – insulates body • think whale blubber! Other Functions of Lipids in your Body • Sex Hormones (Look WAY different than the other lipids… they are in rings). – Signals from one body system to another. 2003-2004 Regents Biology Why are some fats solid and others liquid? Regents Biology •Quiz 2003-2004 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Animal (solid) vs. Plant (liquid) saturated unsaturated 2003-2004 Proteins! 2003-2004 Regents Biology Amine Regents Biology Function of Proteins in Your Body Immune System Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. 2003-2004 Regents Biology Enzymes Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA. 2003-2004 Regents Biology Messengers Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs. … Growth Hormone is a protein! 2003-2004 Regents Biology Structural Component These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move. 2003-2004 Regents Biology Transport and Storage These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body. 2003-2004 Regents Biology Denaturating Proteins Look Mom – I can denature proteins!!! Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology Videos • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMc xZNM • 1:01:30 – Cracking the Code • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IgSDVD 4QEc 2003-2004 Regents Biology