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Name:_____________________________ Date:______________________ Period:____________________________ “Principles of Evolution” Common Assessment Review Questions 1. Give a description of natural selection. Give an example of how natural selection works. 2. Natural selection is also called “survival of the fittest”. What does that mean? Give an example. 3. List the four main points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution a. b. c. d. 4. Using natural selection as the basis for your answer, explain why giraffes have long necks. 1 5. Use the graph to answer the question below: Tail length in mice varies within a population. Scientists observed change in the distribution of tail lengths in a mouse population over time. At the genetic level, what has most likely happened to the allele for the shortest tail lengths? A. The allele changed from being dominant to being recessive. B. The allele changed from being autosomal to being sex-linked. C. The allele became less frequent than the alleles for longer tail lengths. D. The allele began to code for long tail lengths instead of the shortest ones. 6. What is an adaptation? How can it be inherited? 7. Finches on the Galapagos Islands have different beak sizes depending on which island they are on. What is the reason for this adaptation? 2 8. Use the graph to answer the question below: The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Which process most likely led to the change in the lizard population? A. natural selection acting on a harmful trait B. natural selection acting on a beneficial trait C. natural selection acting on a dominant trait D. natural selection acting on a recessive trait 9. Explain how the founder effect is an example of genetic drift? 10. If a species can’t adapt to an environmental change, what can happen to it? 11. The combined genetic information (alleles) of all the members of a particular population make up the population’s _______________________. 3 12. What is speciation? 13. What are the basic steps of speciation, and how does this relate to the Galapagos Islands and Darwin’s discoveries about the species found on each island? 14. What is genetic drift? Give an example. 15. If the vegetation on an island produces hard seeds, how might that affect the evolution of a species of birds? 4 16. Speciation can happen if a group of individuals within a population becomes isolated. What are the three kinds of isolation that can occur and give an example of each? a. b. c. 17. In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the species do not mate with each other. What most likely prevents these two species from interbreeding? A. habitat isolation B. gametic isolation C. geographic isolation D. reproductive isolation 18. What is meant by natural (genetic) variation? What two things cause it? 5 19. A mutation occurs in a certain group of finches. The finches develop narrower beaks in order to eat the insects that live in trees. What will determine if the frequency of this new allele will increase in the finches? 20. Why are mutations in the ovaries and testes more likely to influence evolution than mutations that occur in other parts of the body? 21. A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation? A. B. C. D. 22. a change in the selection pressures acting on coat color a change in the coat-color genes of deer predator species an increase in coat-color diversity in the population an increase in the number of genes for coat color in the population Charles Darwin took a journey around the world on the HMS Beagle. Where did he go and how did this lead him to develop his theory of evolution? 6 23. A vestigial organ is an organ that served a purpose in the distant ancestor of an organism, but is not longer needed in the presently existing, recently evolved, organism. Give an example of a human vestigial organ and explain how it suggests common ancestry. 24. Modern whales resemble extinct land mammals in several characteristics. What does this similarity suggest about the evolution of modern whales? 25. What are homologous structures? Give an example. 26. The frequency of an allele in a fly population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events most likely occurred during the same time period? A. B. C. D. an environmental change and a fly population increase an environmental change and a fly population decrease interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population speciation 7 27. Use the table below to answer the following question: Students’ Observations of a Pond Ecosystem Quantitative Qualitative 37 fish and 3 frogs Leaves lie on the bottom of the pond. 2 types of aquatic grass Water insects move along the water’s surface. 12 small rocks and 1 medium All 3 frogs are sitting on a pond bank. rock sand A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which of the following statements is a testable hypothesis? A. The frogs living in the pond represent a population. B. Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem. C. If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier. D. If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water. 28. Use the diagram below to answer the following question: Which organisms on the chart above share a common ancestor? How can you tell? 8 29. Use the following diagram to answer the following question: The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a structure that was present in their common ancestor. What has most likely caused the variation in forelimbs? A. changes in muscle structure B. changes in the genetic codes C. trait formation due to behaviors D. development of vestigial structures 9 30. Use the table below to answer the following questions: Sequence Differences between COII Genes in Some Animals Number of Base Differences from a Rat Animal Mouse 101 Cow 136 The gene COII is in the genome of many organisms. A comparison of the number of base differences between the COII gene in a rat and that of two other animals is shown. Part A: Based on the data, describe a possible evolutionary relationship between rats, mice, and cows. Part B: Describe how different organisms having a common gene such as COII supports the theory of evolution. 10