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Name: TEST REVIEW: MAKING PROTEINS 1. What day is your test? MARCH 19TH 2. Name four scientists and explain their contributions to the discovery of DNA. Rosalind Franklin- gave an xray picture to Watson and Crick Watson and Crick- hypothesized the double helix Erwin Chargaff- determined how the bases pair together a/t and g/c 3. Describe the structure of a protein. Nucleic acids are a chain of amino acids 4. Describe the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded. DNA uses the nitrogen bases ATGC. RNA uses the nitrogen bases AUCG 5. What is transcription? Where does it take place? Transcription is the process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA strand. It takes place in the nucleus. 6. What is translation? Where does it take place? Translation is the process of making a protein from an mRNA strand. It takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 7. Where does protein synthesis occur? Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome. 8. Transcribe the DNA strand TAG ACG GGG CCC AAA Transcribe means make mRNA: AUC UGC CCC GGG UUU 9. Translate the mRNA strand from number 8. Translate means make a protein (an amino acid chain.) isoleucine-cysteine-proline-glycine-phenylalanine 10. What is a point mutation? A change in a DNA strand of only one nucleotide. 11. When is a mutation harmful? When it creates a different amino acid. 12. When is a mutation neutral? When the amino acid sequence does not change. 13. What is a frameshift mutation? When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted and the wrong three nucleotide sequence is read. 14. Consider the DNA strand TAG GCC CAG GTT AGT a. If the first G is changed to a C, will it be a harmful or a neutral mutation? Explain. original: TAG GCC CAG GTT AGT mutated: TAC GCC CAG GTT AGT mRNA: AUC CGG GUC CAA UCA mutated: AUG CGG GUC CAA UCA AA: iso-arg-val-glut-ser mutated: met-arg-val-glut-ser HARMFUL BECAUSE IT CHANGED THE AMINO ACIDS a. If the first C is deleted, will it be a harmful or a neutral mutation? Explain. original: TAG GCC CAG GTT AGT mutated: TAC GC CAG GTT AGT mRNA: AUC CGG GUC CAA UCA mutated: AUG CGG UCC AAU CA AA: iso-arg-val-glut-ser mutated: met-arg-ser-aspHARMFUL BECAUSE IT CHANGED THE AMINO ACIDS 15. What is gel electrophoresis? How does it help catch criminals? Gel electrophoresis is a process used to separate DNA according to its size. Enzymes are used to cut up the molecule. This can help make a DNA fingerprint to compare a suspect’s DNA to DNA found at a crime scene. If the bands match, the criminal was present at the crime scene.