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The Aeneid is an epic poem by a poet named Virgil about a Trojan man named Aeneis and his adventures. Aeneis’s relatives are the people credited with settling in Italy and founding the city of Rome. The Trojans wanted to take the horse inside their protective city walls, but it was too big to fit through their gate. The Trojans took down part of their wall leaving them vulnerable to attack, took the horse inside and celebrated their victory over the Achaeans. That night, the Achaean soldiers hidden in the belly of the horse exited the horse and began burning the city of Troy to the ground. The rest of the Achaean army came back and helped finish the battle. The common people of Rome, known as the plebeians didn’t think it was fair that they patricians made all of the laws and rules without their input. They staged a protest, kind of like a strike, called the Struggle of Orders during which many plebeians left Rome and set up tents and a camp outside of the city and refused to work. The Trojan War happened in ancient times around 1200 B.C. in Anotolia (modern day Turkey). It was a war over land between the Achaeans (the Greeks) and the Trojans (the Romans). The Achaeans were trying to conquer the city of Troy and rescue a woman named Helen of Troy. The Achaeans won the war by tricking the Trojans, but Aeneis, part of his family, and some other refugees escape the burning city and sailed across to finally settle in Italy. The Trojan war had been going on for 10 years when the Acheans came up with a clever way to beat their enemy. They built a large monument of a horse that could hide a group of Achean soldiers inside. The Achean army then pretended to leave Turkey, making the Trojans think they had won the war. The Acheans left behind the horse and a decoy soldier who tricked the Trojans into believing that it was an offering to the goddess Athena. The Roman form of government that developed was called the Roman Senate. Originally the senate was run only by the patricians who were wealthy noblemen. Each year, the senate chose two consuls to lead the senate together. The Trojan Horse After the Struggle of Orders, the patricians agreed to share power in the Roman Senate by allowing the plebeians to elect representatives to the Senate as well. They also agreed to write down all of the laws of Rome and post them throughout the Roman Empire so that there were no secrets and the laws were fair. They chiseled them in stone and hung them up calling them the Twelve Tables of Law. Veni, Vidi, Vici! I came, I saw, I conqured! Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was one of the greatest emperors of Rome. He began as a general in the Roman Legion but became dictator of Rome for life, until he was murdered by a group of jealous senators. After the death of Caesar, two men came to power in Rome, a general and politician named Mark Antony and Caesar’s adopted grandson, Octavian. At first the two men agreed to share power and rule Rome together. The Roman Legion was very well trained and took the best ideas, strategies, and weapons from the civilizations they conquered. For example, they learned to use fighting formations from the Greeks. They developed one called the Tortoise Formation. During their shared rule of Rome, Mark Antony traveled to Egypt and fell in love with the ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra. The two planned to invade Rome and rule over it as king and queen. This led to a naval battle called the Battle of Actium which Octavian won. Octavian became sole ruler of Rome and was renamed Emperor Augustus. Three weapons used by the Roman Legion were the pilum, which is a long spear designed by the Romans, the scorpion, which is a machine that fires arrows at great speeds and for great distances, and a ballista which throws a stone, kind of like a cannon ball, only smaller, at the enemy. The Roman army was called the Roman Legion. Soldiers were called Legionnaires. Soldiers for the Roman Legion could come from any part of the Roman Empire to serve. One of the most Famous of Rome’s buildings is the Coliseum. The Coliseum is a large stadium called an amphitheater. The Coliseum could hold over 50,000 people and had four different levels of seating. It was mainly used for entertainment such as gladiator battles and chariot races. Gladiators would come out and battle each other or a fierce animal such as a lion. The Gladiators would be required to fight to the death, which is called mortal combat. A wall built by Emperor Hadrian to keep out invaders from the north of Britania. The wall was 73 miles long and had gates The Pax Romana was a time of relative and towers, called milecastles, so that the peace in Rome during which many of the legionnaires could protect the territory of temples, roads, bathhouses, and aqueducts Britania. were built. It lasted for about 200 years. The Coliseum The Pantheon is famous temple to all of the Greek gods built by Emperor Hadrian in Rome. The temple has a huge dome over a round room called a rotunda. In the center of the dome there is an opening to the sky called an oculus. The temple was designed to remind Romans of the heavens and as a way to stay connected to the gods. aqueduct The Pantheon Roman bath-houses were an important part of Roman citizens social life. Most Romans went to the bath-houses daily, after work, to exercise, bathe, and then socialize or be entertained. The warm baths were heated by a special furnace called a hypocaust, designed by the Romans. Included in the larger bathSome of the aqueducts travel across large houses were things such as gardens, arches above ground, but most are tunnels libraries, and food courts. or channels underground. Roman aqueducts were built to supply fresh water to the large cities of the Roman Empire. The aqueducts were large tunnels about 3 feet wide and 6 feet tall through which ground water could flow out of the hills and mountains nearby. The longest aqueduct was over 59 miles long. The aqueducts had to be carefully constructed so that they always sloped down hill, so the water would run towards the city.