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Transcript
The Body’s Response to Tuberculosis Topic 6.4 Specification- topic 6 11 Explain how bacterial and viral infectious diseases have a sequence of symptoms that may result in death, including the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Meet the PathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis Features of bacterium List the features of a bacterium Peptidoglycan cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mesosomes ribosomes Circular chromosome capsule Plasmids Flagella Pili What do the ones in yellow have in common? Infection Infection: The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the bodyhttp://www.medicinenet.com/script/ With TB, the site of the primary infection in the alveoli in the lungs Watch the following animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=202hkf43HXQ Transmission Contagious: can be transmitted from person to person. How is it transmitted? carried in droplets of mucus or saliva spread while talking, sneezing, coughing, etc. Primary Infection Describe the steps involve in the primaryinfection starting from the mode of entry to the body. Infection starts when bacteria in droplets of mucus or saliva are inhaled Bacteria implants in the lungs Presence of bacteria triggers an immune response Inflammatory responseInflammation is Triggered by histamine released by cells This increases the amount of tissue fluid, more white blood cells in the area Macrophages engulf bacteria and move into lymph nodes in the lungs and the M.Tuberculosis may be destroyed Or a granuloma forms, a mass of tissue composed of immune cells, to contain the infection and prevent spreading. Bacteria and immune cells in the centre of granuloma may die due to lack of oxygen, this is now called a tubercule or bacteria may remain in a dormant state contained inside tubercule- Q 6.37 Heals after several weeks, most people don’t have any symptoms Can be diagnosed with a blood test for T-cells specific for M.tuberculosis antigens or possibly with chest X-rays. (gas filled spaces are black) Evasion of immune system The bacterium can survive in macrophages and evade the immune system.- lie dormant. Why? They have a very thick, waxy cell wall which protects them from the enzymes in the macrophages. The waxy cell wall contains peptidoglycan, but is over 60% lipids, mainly mycolic acid, this affects permeability of the lysozymes T cells are suppressed so fewer or no antibodies can be produced by B cells Explain the point above T helper cells are needed to produce cytokines and activate B cells Active TB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGZLkRN76Dc Read p110-Active tuberculosis Which two conditions lead to primary infection resulting in active TB? Dormant TB becomes active due to suppressed immune system. The number of bacteria are too great. Who might have a compromised immune system? Very young, old, other infections or diseases (HIV positive) What is an opportunistic infection: takes opportunity when one’s immune system is weak. Active TB What happens during respiratory pulmonary tuberculosis? Bacteria can multiply and cause cavities to form in lung tissue. Untreated it will lead to death. Q 6.33 What are the symptoms? Coughing or coughing up blood Trouble breathing Lethargy Fever Weight loss or loss of appetite Fever What is the role of the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus of the brain? Describe in detail how it does this. Being too warm leads to sweating, hairs lie flat due to relaxation of the hair erector muscles, vasodilation to increase blood flow to the skin. Too cold causes the hair to stand up and trap more air, insulation, no sweating, vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow near the skin, shivering, increase in metabolic rate. Fever- explained Caused by pyrogens, chemicals released by some white blood cells Raises the thermostat- the temperature our body is set to remain at a higher temperature than 37 degrees Centigrade Inhibits growth of some microbes Speeds up reactions, may speed up repair of tissues Can facilitate phagocytosis Q 6.34 The enzymes denature Tertiary structure is altered. Active site does not fit the substrate All metabolic reactions are enzyme driven. Glandular TB What is a secondary infection? When the TB bacteria spread from lungs to other parts of the body like the lymph nodes, bones and CNS What is glandular TB? When TB bacteria are present mainly in the lymph nodes which are a type of gland. What is a common symptom? Swollen lymph nodes in neck or armpits Diagnosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBFCsglP2Xo Describe Skin test: tuberculin injected, swelling shows presence of antibodies Blood test: detect T cells specific to antigen found on TB X-rays: can show damage to lungs or other areas Treatment and Prognosis What is the treatment? Combination of at least three antibiotics over 6 months Rest and healthy diet advised Why have cases decreased during 20th century: Improved living conditions Better hygiene Antibiotics Pasteurization Refrigeration Activity 6.9