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Chapter 1: Genetics as a Human Endeavor *Genetics is more than a laboratory science, unlike some of the other science disciplines, genetics and biotechnology have a direct impact on society. I. Welcome to Genetics A. Genetics defined – 1. 2. B. Biotechnology – 1. II. What are genes and how do they work? A. Gene – B. DNA – C. Genetic code – D. Genes code for proteins 1. Proteins – III. How are genes transmitted from parent to offspring? *Gregor Mendel – A. Trait – B. Progeny – C. Mendel’s Ideas: 1. 2. 3. D. Chromosome theory – E. Location of chromosomes – 1. eukaryotic cell – IV. How do scientists study genes? A. Approaches to the study of genetics: 1. transmission genetics – 2. Pedigree analysis – 3. Cytogenetics – a) Karyotype - 4. Molecular genetics – a) Recombinant DNA Technology - b) Pre – natal diagnosis c) DNA Fingerprinting d) Advances – 5. Population genetics – a) b) B. Genetics is used in basic and applied research: 1. Basic Research – 2. Applied Research – V. What is the historical impact of genetics on society? *genetics has had a large impact on law and social policy A. Genetics directly affected social policy 1. Eugenics a) basis – b) How it worked: c) Problems: 1) 2) d) how long was it practiced – B. Eugenics helped change immigration laws 1. Immigration act of 1924 - 2. Chinese Exclusion acts of 1882 & 1907 - 3. 1907 – 4. The early decades – 5. how long did the laws last – C. Eugenics helped restrict reproductive rights 1. Sterilization laws – 2. 10% - 3. Banning of certain genetics defects and criminals 4. Refer to US Supreme Court 1927 Buck vs. Bell: a) what the court said - b) never been overturned c) 1930 – d) repeals began in 1960’s. D. Eugenics was associated with the Nazi movement GERMANY 1. Systemic killing – 2. other groups targeted – *due to Nazi association, eugenics began to decline in the US by mid 1930’s *read page 10 “concepts” *think about upcoming cloning debates VI. When did human genetics get started? 1. avoided during popularity of eugenics 2. WWII – 3. Milestones: a) 1949 – b) 1956 – c) 1959 – d) 1953 – e) 1970’s – f) 1970-1990 – 1) 2) 3) g) 1991 – HGP begins – h) IVF – i) Transgenic organisms – VII. Where is human genetics going in the future? 1. 2. 3. Gene therapy 4. Cloning